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Gene Symbol BRAF
Synonyms B-raf | B-RAF1 | BRAF-1 | BRAF1 | NS7 | RAFB1
Gene Description BRAF, serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf, is a member of the Raf family of serine/threonine protein kinases, which signals through the MAP kinase pathway to regulate cell proliferation and cell growth (PMID: 24737949, PMID: 29540830). BRAF mutations and fusions have been identified in a variety of cancers, including, colorectal (PMID: 30122982), lung (PMID: 29729495), thyroid (PMID: 12970315), and melanoma (PMID: 24737949), and a number of mutations have also been demonstrated to confer drug resistance (PMID: 27478040).
NCBI Gene ID Chromosome Map Location Canonical Transcript Gene Role
673 7 7q34 NM_004333 Oncogene (PMID: 30606230)

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Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
A320T missense no effect - predicted BRAF A320T does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A320T has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
A33T missense no effect - predicted BRAF A33T does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A33T results in Erk pathway activation similar to wild-type Braf in cultured cells (PMID: 31515458), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
A366P missense unknown BRAF A366P does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A366P is associated with EGFR inhibitor resistance in the context of an EGFR exon 19 deletion (PMID: 38838224), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Jul 2024). Y
A404Cfs*9 frameshift loss of function - predicted BRAF A404Cfs*9 indicates a shift in the reading frame starting at amino acid 404 and terminating 9 residues downstream causing a premature truncation of the 766 amino acid Braf protein (UniProt.org). Due to the loss of the protein kinase domain (UniProt.org), A404Cfs*9 is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
A598S missense unknown BRAF A598S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A598S has not been characterized in the scientific literature and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Jul 2024).
A598T missense loss of function - predicted BRAF A598T lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A598T results in similar Erk1/2 and Braf phosphorylation to wild-type Braf (PMID: 32059434), however, demonstrates a lack of Braf kinase activity in culture (PMID: 22926515), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
A598V missense gain of function - predicted BRAF A598V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A598V is associated with increased activation of Braf and downstream Mek and Erk in tumor samples (PMID: 19200582), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
A598X missense unknown BRAF A598X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the alanine (A) at amino acid 598 by a different amino acid.
A598_T599insARC insertion gain of function - predicted BRAF A598_T599insARC results in the insertion of three amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 598 and 599 (UniProt.org). BRAF A598_T599insARC has not been characterized however, other insertions between A598 and T599 are activating (PMID: 16501605), and therefore, A598_T599insARC is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
A598_T599insV insertion gain of function BRAF A598_T599insV results in the insertion of a valine (V) in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 598 and 599 (UniProt.org). A598_T599insV results in increased Braf kinase activity, increased downstream Mapk and Mek signaling, and the ability to transform cells in culture (PMID: 16501605).
A712T missense no effect - predicted BRAF A712T lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A712T has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
A728V missense gain of function BRAF A728V (also referred to as A727V) does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A728V results in an intermediate increase in Braf kinase activity compared to wild-type Braf and increased Erk phosphorylation in cell culture (PMID: 15035987).
A762E missense unknown BRAF A762E does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A762E has been demonstrated to confer secondary resistance to Egfr inhibitors in culture (PMID: 27478040), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Jul 2024). Y
A762V missense no effect - predicted BRAF A762V does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). A762V has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
A81_D380del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF A81_D380del results in the deletion of 300 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 81 to 380 (UniProt.org). A81_D380del (reported as internal deletion of exons 3-8) has not been characterized, however, due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936), is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
A81_M438del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF A81_M438del results in the deletion of 358 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 81 to 438 (UniProt.org). A81_M438del (reported as internal deletion of exons 3-10) has not been characterized, however, due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936), is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
act mut unknown gain of function BRAF act mut indicates that this variant results in a gain of function in the Braf protein. However, the specific amino acid change has not been identified.
amp none no effect BRAF amplification indicates an increased number of copies of the BRAF gene. However, the mechanism causing the increase is unspecified.
class 1 unknown gain of function BRAF Class 1 variants are BRAF variants that activate BRAF and downstream signaling in a dimer-independent, RAS-independent manner (PMID: 28783719, PMID: 26343582).
class 2 unknown gain of function BRAF Class 2 variants are BRAF variants that activate BRAF and downstream signaling in a dimer-dependent, RAS-independent manner (PMID: 28783719, PMID: 26343582).
class 3 unknown loss of function BRAF Class 3 variants are BRAF variants that demonstrate low or no BRAF kinase activity, but activate downstream signaling through CRAF activation, in a dimer-dependent, RAS-dependent manner (PMID: 28783719).
D287H missense loss of function BRAF D287H does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D287H results in impaired Braf kinase activity, but leads to Ras-dependent activation of Erk in cell culture (PMID: 26343582, PMID: 28783719).
D380H missense no effect - predicted BRAF D380H does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D380H has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
D448Y missense unknown BRAF D448Y does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D448Y results in decreased sensitivity of Braf homodimers to drug-mediated disruption, and activation of truncated Braf dimers comparable to the wild-type protein in an in vitro assay in combination with D449Y (PMID: 30559419), but has not been individually characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
D449Y missense unknown BRAF D449Y does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D449Y results in decreased sensitivity of Braf homodimers to drug-mediated disruption, and activation of truncated Braf dimers comparable to the wild-type protein in an in vitro assay in combination with D448Y (PMID: 30559419), but has not been individually characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
D587A missense unknown BRAF D587A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D587A has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 14500346, PMID: 31439588), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
D587E missense unknown BRAF D587E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D587E has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 27034166), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
D587G missense unknown BRAF D587G lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D587G has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 24803665, PMID: 37619245), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
D594A missense loss of function BRAF D594A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D594A results in a lack of Braf kinase activity (PMID: 20141835, PMID: 20978199, PMID: 28783719), promotes aneupolidy (PMID: 20978199), and in one of two cell lines demonstrated decreased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), but leads to activation of Mek and Erk through cooperation with activated RAS and transactivation of CRAF in cell culture and mouse models (PMID: 20141835, PMID: 20978199, PMID: 28783719).
D594E missense loss of function BRAF D594E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D594E results in impaired Braf kinase activity, however, results in increased Mek and Erk phosphorylation in the presence of CRAF in cell culture (PMID: 28783719).
D594G missense loss of function - predicted BRAF D594G lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D594G demonstrates increased transforming ability in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), however, results in impaired Braf kinase activity, but leads to increased activation of Erk signaling through Craf in cell culture (PMID: 18794803, PMID: 28783719), and also demonstrates Craf activation similar to wild-type Braf, but with enhanced dimerization and the ability to bypass autoinhibitory autophosphorylation in in vitro assays (PMID: 31929109), and confers Mek inhibitor resistance in culture (PMID: 18794803), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function. Y
D594H missense loss of function - predicted BRAF D594H lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D594H leads to Ras-dependent activation of Erk signaling through CRAF but results in a loss of Braf kinase activity (PMID: 28783719) and demonstrates decreased transforming activity compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
D594N missense loss of function - predicted BRAF D594N lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D594N leads to activation of Erk signaling through CRAF but results in impaired Braf kinase activity in cell culture (PMID: 28783719) and decreased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
D594V missense loss of function BRAF D594V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D594V results in impaired Braf kinase activity, and decreased activation of Erk, Mek, and CRAF in cell culture (PMID: 28947956, PMID: 15035987), and has decreased transforming ability in one of two cell lines compared to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785).
D594X missense unknown BRAF D594X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the aspartic acid (D) at amino acid 594 by a different amino acid.
D594Y missense unknown BRAF D594Y lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). D594Y has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 29106415, PMID: 28486044, PMID: 32913992), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
D594_T599dup duplication gain of function BRAF D594_T599dup (also referred to as T599_V600insDFGLAT) results in the insertion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 599 and 600 (UniProt.org). D594_T599dup results in increased colony formation and downstream Mek and Erk activation in cultured cells (PMID: 17297294).
dec exp none no effect BRAF dec exp indicates decreased expression of the Braf protein and/or mRNA. However, the mechanism causing the decreased expression is unspecified.
del exon2-10 deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF del exon2-10 indicates the deletion of exons 2-10 of the BRAF gene (PMID: 22113612). Del exon2-10 has been associated with resistance to RAF inhibitors (PMID: 22113612) in patients, and is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612). Y
del exon2-8 deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF del exon2-8 indicates the deletion of exons 2-8 of the BRAF gene (PMID: 38691346). Del exon2-8 has been associated with resistance to Mek inhibitors (PMID: 35724767) and RAF inhibitors (PMID: 22113612) in culture, and is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612). Y
del exon4-10 deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF del exon4-10 indicates the deletion of exons 4-10 of the BRAF gene (PMID: 33216826). Del exon4-10 has been associated with resistance to MEK inhibitors (PMID: 33216826) and RAF inhibitors (PMID: 22113612) in patients, and is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612). Y
del exon4-8 deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF del exon4-8 indicates the deletion of exons 4-8 of the BRAF gene (PMID: 33216826). Del exon4-8 has been associated with resistance to MEK inhibitors (PMID: 33216826) and RAF inhibitors (PMID: 22113612) in culture, and is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612). Y
E228V missense no effect - predicted BRAF E228V does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E228V has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
E275K missense unknown BRAF E275K lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E275K results in decreased phosphorylation of Mek and Erk in one study (PMID: 19206169), but increased phosphatidylserine binding, moderately increased Mek phosphorylation, weak transforming activity in culture, and altered zebrafish embryo development in another study (PMID: 36347258), and demonstrates cell proliferation and viability similar to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
E451K missense gain of function - predicted BRAF E451K does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E451K is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function as indicated by intermediate increase of Erk phosphorylation in culture, and is associated with resistance to Raf inhibitors (PMID: 31158244). Y
E501G missense loss of function BRAF E501G lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E501G confers a loss of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by inability to activate downstream reporter assays, impaired kinase activity and presence in genetic diseases associated with Ras/Raf/Mek dysfunction (PMID: 26065894, PMID: 16474404, PMID: 16439621).
E501K missense unknown BRAF E501K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E501K demonstrates decreased Braf kinase activity in culture (PMID: 17603482), but results in ELK transactivation to similar levels as wild-type Braf in a reporter assay (PMID: 16474404), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
E586K missense gain of function BRAF E586K (also reported as E585K) lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E586K results in increased Braf kinase activity, and activation of Mek and Erk in cell culture (PMID: 15035987, PMID: 22510884), and increases cell proliferation and viability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines (PMID: 29533785).
E586X missense unknown BRAF E586X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the glutamic acid (E) at amino acid 586 by a different amino acid.
E611D missense unknown BRAF E611D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E611D has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 15935100), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
E648Q missense loss of function - predicted BRAF E648Q lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E648Q has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
E695K missense unknown BRAF E695K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). E695K results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been fully biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
F247L missense gain of function BRAF F247L lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). F247L confers a gain of function to Braf, as indicated by activation of downstream MAPK signaling and is transforming in cultured cells (PMID: 28512244, PMID: 29533785).
F259L missense no effect - predicted BRAF F259L lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). F259L has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
F294L missense no effect - predicted BRAF F294L does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). F294L has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
F468C missense gain of function BRAF F468C (also referred to as F467C) lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). F468C confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased Braf kinase activity and downstream Erk phosphorylation, activation of NFkappaB signaling in reporter assays, and transformation of cultured cells (PMID: 15150094).
F595L missense loss of function BRAF F595L lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). F595L results in reduced Braf kinase activity (PMID: 28783719, PMID: 15035987), but works cooperatively with oncogenic Ras to activate MEK/ERK signaling, and is transforming in cell culture (PMID: 15035987, PMID: 26582644, PMID: 29533785).
F595S missense unknown BRAF F595S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). F595S has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
F595X missense unknown BRAF F595X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the phenylalanine (F) at amino acid 595 by a different amino acid.
fusion fusion unknown BRAF fusion indicates a fusion of the BRAF gene, but the fusion partner is unknown.
G104E missense no effect - predicted BRAF G104E does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G104E has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
G203_G393del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF G203_G393del results in the deletion of 91 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 203 to 393 (UniProt.org). G203_G393del (reported as internal deletion of exons 5-9) has not been characterized, however, due to the disruption of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936), is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
G258V missense unknown BRAF G258V lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G258V results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been fully biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
G421V missense no effect - predicted BRAF G421V does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G421V has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
G464A missense unknown BRAF G464A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G464A has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 34083237, PMID: 32913992), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
G464E missense gain of function BRAF G464E (also reported as G463E) lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G464E results in increased Braf kinase activity and activation of MEK and ERK (PMID: 15035987, PMID: 23680146), and in one of two cell lines, increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785).
G464R missense gain of function BRAF G464R (also reported as G463R) lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G464R results in increased Braf kinase activity, increased downstream Erk signaling (PMID: 15046639), and induces cell proliferation and cell viability in culture (PMID: 29533785).
G464V missense gain of function BRAF G464V (also reported as G463V) lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G464V results in increased Braf kinase activity and increased downstream Mek and Erk activation (PMID: 12068308, PMID: 26343582), and in one of two cell lines, increased cell proliferation and viability compared to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785).
G464X missense unknown BRAF G464X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the glycine (G) at amino acid 464 by a different amino acid.
G466A missense unknown BRAF G466A (also reported as G465A) lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). The functional effect of G466A (also reported as G465A) is conflicting as it demonstrates both intermediate Braf kinase activity (PMID: 15035987) and low Braf kinase activity (PMID: 28783719), leads to Ras-dependent activation of downstream Erk in cell culture (PMID: 28783719), in one of two cell lines increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and results in decreased interaction with Mek in an in vitro assay (PMID: 38588399).
G466E missense unknown BRAF G466E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G466E results in impaired Braf kinase activity, but paradoxically increases Erk signaling through C-raf activation in cell culture and Xenopus embryos (PMID: 15035987), however, induces cell proliferation and cell viability similar to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and results in resistance to farnesyltransferase inhibitors in the context of Hras G13R (PMID: 39152269), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown. Y
G466R missense loss of function - predicted BRAF G466R (also referred to as G465R) lies within the glycine-rich loop in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 14681681). G466R results in impaired Braf kinase activity, but activates Erk signaling in cell culture (PMID: 15046639), and in one of two cell lines, G466R decreased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G466V missense loss of function BRAF G466V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G466V results in impaired Braf kinase activity, but paradoxically activates MEK and ERK through transactivation of CRAF in cell culture (PMID: 22649091, PMID: 28783719), and in one of two cell lines, G466V decreased cell proliferation and cell viability as compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785).
G466X missense unknown BRAF G466X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the glycine (G) at amino acid 466 by a different amino acid.
G469A missense gain of function BRAF G469A is a hotspot mutation within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G469A results in increased Braf kinase activity and downstream activation of Erk, and is transforming in cell culture (PMID: 19010912, PMID: 12068308, PMID: 29533785).
G469del deletion loss of function BRAF G469del results in the deletion of an amino acid in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein at amino acid 469 (UniProt.org). G469del demonstrates decreased Braf kinase activity, does not activate downstream ERK, and is minimally transforming in cell culture (PMID: 23833300).
G469E missense unknown BRAF G469E is a hotspot mutation that lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G469E results in decreased Braf kinase activity (PMID: 28783719, PMID: 15035987), but leads to Ras-dependent activation of Erk signaling (PMID: 28783719, PMID: 33795686), and results in increased cell proliferation and cell viability in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), and confers Mek inhibitor resistance in culture (PMID: 18794803), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown. Y
G469K missense unknown BRAF G469K is a hotspot mutation within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G469K has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 29325942, PMID: 30348504, PMID: 31015314), but has not been biochemically characterized, and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2024).
G469L missense unknown BRAF G469L lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G469L has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 24035431, PMID: 26301799, PMID: 26200454), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
G469R missense gain of function - predicted BRAF G469R is a hotspot mutation within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G469R demonstrates intermediate BRAF kinase activity (PMID: 28783719), results in constitutive ERK activation in cell culture (PMID: 24920063), and in one of two cell lines leads to increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
G469S missense gain of function BRAF G469S is a hotspot mutation within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G469S results in increased Erk phosphorylation (PMID: 27478040) and induces increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785).
G469V missense gain of function BRAF G469V is a hotspot mutation within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G469V results in increased Braf kinase activity and activation of downstream MEK and ERK in cell culture (PMID: 28947956, PMID: 26343582, PMID: 28783719), and in one of two cell lines, increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785).
G469X missense unknown BRAF G469X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the glycine (G) at amino acid 469 by a different amino acid.
G474R missense unknown BRAF G474R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G474R results in a loss of downstream phosphorylation in culture, loss of kinase activity in in vitro analyses, and does not lead to downstream phosphorylation when co-expressed with Craf but does lead to TSH-induced proliferation in culture (PMID: 18697864), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
G478C missense loss of function - predicted BRAF G478C lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G478C results in loss of Braf kinase activity in cell culture (PMID: 22926515), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G534D missense unknown BRAF G534D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G534D has been demonstrated to confer resistance to Raf inhibitors in culture (PMID: 33953400), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Mar 2024). Y
G563D missense loss of function - predicted BRAF G563D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G563D has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture compared (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G593D missense no effect - predicted BRAF G593D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G593D results in similar Erk1/2 and Braf phosphorylation as wild-type Braf (PMID: 32059434), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
G593V missense unknown BRAF G593V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G593V is associated with EGFR inhibitor resistance in the context of an EGFR exon 19 deletion (PMID: 38838224), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Jul 2024). Y
G596C missense loss of function BRAF G596C lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G596C results in decreased Braf kinase activity, however, leads to activation of downstream MEK and ERK in combination with CRAF in cell culture (PMID: 28947956).
G596D missense unknown BRAF G596D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G596D demonstrates decreased Braf kinase activity in one study (PMID: 28783719), but results in increased Erk phosphorylation in another study, and is associated with resistance to Raf inhibitors (PMID: 31158244), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown. Y
G596fs frameshift loss of function - predicted BRAF G596fs results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the Braf protein beginning at aa 596 of 766, likely resulting in premature truncation of the functional protein (UniProt.org). Due to disruption of the protein kinase domain (UniProt.org), G596fs is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G596R missense loss of function - predicted BRAF G596R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G596R results in activation of Erk in the presence of CRAF (PMID: 19735675, PMID: 28783719, PMID: 18697864) and in another study demonstrates similar cell proliferation and viability levels to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), but results in impaired Braf kinase activity and decreased Mek and Erk phosphorylation, including in the presence of BRAF V600E, is not transforming in culture, and does not promote tumor formation in mouse models (PMID: 19735675, PMID: 28783719), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G596S missense unknown BRAF G596S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G596S results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
G596V missense loss of function - predicted BRAF G596V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G596V results in activation of Erk in zebrafish models (PMID: 19376813), but impaired Braf kinase activity and does not activate downstream Mek and Erk in cell culture (PMID: 16439621), and is therefore predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G596X missense unknown BRAF G596X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the glycine (G) at amino acid 596 by a different amino acid.
G606A missense unknown BRAF G606A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G606A has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 21825258), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
G606E missense unknown BRAF G606E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G606E has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 29320312, PMID: 28936923, PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
G606V missense unknown BRAF G606V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G606V has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 21825258), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
G606W missense loss of function - predicted BRAF G606W lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G606W has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G615R missense loss of function - predicted BRAF G615R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G615R has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
G69S missense unknown BRAF G69S does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). G69S results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been fully biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
H269Y missense unknown BRAF H269Y lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). H269Y results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
H568D missense loss of function - predicted BRAF H568D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). H568D results in a loss of MEK phosphorylation in cell culture similar to Braf kinase-dead variants (PMID: 29666306), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
H574N missense no effect - predicted BRAF H574N lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). H574N results in Erk phosphorylation similar to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 27478040), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
H574Q missense gain of function BRAF H574Q lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). H574Q confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as indicated by increased Erk phosphorylation in culture and tumor formation in animal models, and confers resistance to Egfr inhibitors in culture (PMID: 27478040). Y
H585Y missense loss of function - predicted BRAF H585Y lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). H585Y has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
H608R missense unknown BRAF H608R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). H608R has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 15331929, PMID: 37465126), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
H725Y missense unknown BRAF H725Y does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). H725Y results in Erk1/2 phosphorylation level comparable to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 35385748), but demonstrates increased transforming ability in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
I463S missense gain of function BRAF I463S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). I463S results in an intermediate increase in Braf kinase activity compared to wild-type Braf and increased Erk activation in cell culture (PMID: 15035987).
I463T missense unknown BRAF I463T lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). I463T is predicted to lead to Braf activation based on structural modeling (PMID: 28829677), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
I463W missense unknown BRAF I463W lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). I463W has been demonstrated to confer resistance to some Braf inhibitors in culture (PMID: 31925410), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2024). Y
I463X missense unknown BRAF I463X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the isoleucine (I) at amino acid 463 by a different amino acid.
I582M missense unknown BRAF I582M lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). I582M has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 30268455, PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
I592M missense unknown BRAF I592M lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). I592M has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
I592V missense unknown BRAF I592V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). I592V has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 24710085, PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
I592_A598dup duplication unknown BRAF I592_A598dup indicates the insertion of seven duplicate amino acids, isoleucine (I)-592 through alanine (A)-598, in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). I592_A598dup has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 27571181, PMID: 29615459), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
inact mut unknown loss of function BRAF inact mut indicates that this variant results in a loss of function of the Braf protein. However, the specific amino acid change has not been identified.
K205Q missense no effect - predicted BRAF K205Q lies within the RBD domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K205Q has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
K483E missense unknown BRAF K483E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K483E results in increased transformation compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but also results in Erk1/2 phosphorylation level similar to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 27799065), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
K483M missense unknown BRAF K483M (also reported as K482M) lies within an ATP binding site in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K483M results in a loss of Braf kinase activity, however, has been demonstrated to both activate MEK through CRAF (PMID: 16508002, PMID: 23533272), and lacks the ability to activate ERK and CRAF in cell culture and in Xenopus (PMID: 15035987, PMID: 30828992), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
K499E missense gain of function BRAF K499E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K499E confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased Braf kinase activity and downstream signaling, activation of ELK-dependent signaling in reporter assays, and foci formation in cultured cells (PMID: 16474404, PMID: 18413255, PMID: 26065894).
K499N missense unknown BRAF K499N lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K449N results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been fully biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
K601del deletion unknown BRAF K601del results in the deletion of an amino acid in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein at amino acid 601 (UniProt.org). K601del has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 19152441), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
K601E missense gain of function BRAF K601E lies within the activation segment in the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15343278). K601E results in increased Braf kinase activity and downstream activation of MEK and ERK in cell culture (PMID: 22798288, PMID: 28783719, PMID: 32059434), and induces cell proliferation and cell viability in culture (PMID: 29533785, PMID: 18697864).
K601I missense unknown BRAF K601I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K601I has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 26682952, PMID: 29176861, PMID: 32754440), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
K601N missense gain of function BRAF K601N lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K601N confers a gain of function on Braf, as indicated by increased phosphorylation of MEK and ERK in cell in culture (PMID: 24434212) and induction of cell proliferation and cell viability in culture (PMID: 29533785).
K601Q missense gain of function BRAF K601Q lies within the activation segment in the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 19206169). K601Q confers a gain of function on Braf, as indicated by increased MEK and ERK phosphorylation, and is transforming in cell culture (PMID: 19206169, PMID: 29533785).
K601T missense gain of function - predicted BRAF K601T lies within the activation segment in the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15343278). K601T results in increased Braf kinase activity in cell culture (PMID: 28783719), and in one of two cell lines increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
K601X missense unknown BRAF K601X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the lysine (K) at amino acid 601 by a different amino acid.
K601_S602delinsNT indel unknown BRAF K601_S602delinsNT results in deletion of a lysine (K) and a serine (S) in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 601 to 602, combined with the insertion of an asparagine (N) and a threonine (T) at the same site (UniProt.org). K601_S602delinsNT has not been characterized in the scientific literature and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
K601_W604del deletion unknown BRAF K601_W604del results in the deletion of four amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 601 to 604 (UniProt.org). K601_W604del has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 35598548), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
K698R missense no effect - predicted BRAF K698R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). K698R has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
L245F missense unknown BRAF L245F lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L245F results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
L485F missense gain of function BRAF L485F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L485F confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased kinase activity and activation of downstream Mek and Erk in cell culture (PMID: 16439621), increased transcription of ELK in a reporter assay (PMID: 16474404), and in one of two cell lines, L485F increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785).
L485S missense gain of function - predicted BRAF L485S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L485S is predicted to confer a gain of function to Braf as indicated by increased kinase activity in an in vitro assay (PMID: 18413255), and has been demonstrated to confer Braf inhibitor resistance in cell culture (PMID: 31925410). Y
L485W missense unknown BRAF L485W lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L485W results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
L485X missense unknown BRAF L485X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the leucine (L) at amino acid 485 by a different amino acid.
L485Y missense unknown BRAF L485Y lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L485Y has been demonstrated to confer resistance to Raf inhibition in cell culture (PMID: 19276360), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024). Y
L485_P490del deletion gain of function BRAF L485_P490del results in the deletion of six amino acids within the alphaC-helix region in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 26732095). L485_P490del confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased kinase activity, phosphorylation of downstream Mek and Erk, and transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 26732095, PMID: 26996308), and is associated with resistance to select RAF inhibitor in cell culture (PMID: 26732095). Y
L485_P490delinsF indel gain of function BRAF L485_P490delinsF results in a deletion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 485 to 490, combined with the insertion of a phenylalanine (F) at the same site (UniProt.org). L485_P490delinsF results in increased Mek/Erk phosphorylation, is transforming, and is associated with resistance to select RAF inhibitors in culture (PMID: 37656784). Y
L485_P490delinsFS indel gain of function BRAF L485_P490delinsFS results in a deletion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 485 to 490, combined with the insertion of a phenylalanine (F) and a serine (S) at the same site (UniProt.org). L485_P490delinsY results in increased Mek/Erk phosphorylation, is transforming, and is associated with resistance to select RAF inhibitors in culture (PMID: 37656784). Y
L485_P490delinsY indel gain of function BRAF L485_P490delinsY results in a deletion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 485 to 490, combined with the insertion of a tyrosine (Y) at the same site (UniProt.org). L485_P490delinsY results in increased Mek/Erk phosphorylation, is transforming, and is associated with resistance to select RAF inhibitors in culture (PMID: 37656784). Y
L485_T488delinsF indel gain of function - predicted BRAF L485_T488delinsF results in a deletion of four amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 485 to 488, combined with the insertion of a phenylalanine (F) at the same site (UniProt.org). L485_T488delinsF has not been characterized, however, is predicted to lead to a gain of protein function due to other characterized BRAF deletions in the same region (PMID: 37656784).
L505F missense gain of function BRAF L505F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L505F confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by dimer-independent constitutive Erk activation in cell culture (PMID: 23993095, PMID: 25348715).
L505H missense gain of function BRAF L505H lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L505H confers a gain of function to the Braf protein resulting in MEK/ERK activation and oncogenic transformation in cultured cells, and is associated with resistance to RAF inhibitors (PMID: 24283590). Y
L514V missense gain of function - predicted BRAF L514V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L514V is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf function as indicated by moderate increase of Mek and Erk phosphorylation in culture, enhanced dimerization when expressed in cis with BRAF V600E, and is associated with resistance to Raf inhibitors (PMID: 29880583). Y
L525R missense gain of function - predicted BRAF L525R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L525R results in increased activation of Erk signaling in a dimer-dependent but RAS-independent manner (PMID: 31515458, PMID: 28972961), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
L584F missense unknown BRAF L584F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L584F results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
L584P missense unknown BRAF L584P lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L584P has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 31569065), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
L597K missense unknown BRAF L597K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L597K has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 33560788), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2024).
L597P missense unknown BRAF L597P lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L597P has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 33777142), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
L597Q missense gain of function BRAF L597Q lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L597Q results in activation of Braf as indicated by increased phosphorylation of Mek and Erk in cell culture (PMID: 22798288) and induces cell proliferation and cell viability in culture (PMID: 29533785).
L597R missense gain of function BRAF L597R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L597R results in activation of Braf as indicated by increased phosphorylation of Mek and Erk in cell culture (PMID: 22798288, PMID: 26343582), is associated with Erk activation in a patient tumor sample (PMID: 23715574), and in one of two cell lines, increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785).
L597S missense gain of function BRAF L597S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L597S results in activation of Braf as indicated by increased phosphorylation of Mek and Erk in cell culture (PMID: 22798288) and induces cell proliferation and cell viability in culture (PMID: 29533785).
L597V missense gain of function BRAF L597V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L597V results in activation of Braf as indicated by increased phosphorylation of Mek and Erk in cell culture (PMID: 22798288) and and induces cell proliferation and cell viability in culture (PMID: 29533785).
L597X missense unknown BRAF L597X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the leucine (L) at amino acid 597 by a different amino acid.
L613F missense unknown BRAF L613F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L613F results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
L618F missense loss of function - predicted BRAF L618F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L618F has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
L64I missense no effect - predicted BRAF L64I does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L64I has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
L678I missense loss of function - predicted BRAF L678I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L678I has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
L711F missense no effect - predicted BRAF L711F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L711F has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
loss unknown loss of function BRAF loss indicates loss of the BRAF gene, mRNA, and protein.
M484_N486del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF M484_N486del results in the deletion of three amino acids within the alphaC-helix region in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 26732095). M484_N486del has not been characterized, however, is predicted to lead to a gain of protein function due to other characterized BRAF deletions in the same region (PMID: 26732095).
M517I missense loss of function - predicted BRAF M517I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). M517I has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
M53I missense unknown BRAF M53I does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). M53I results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
mutant unknown unknown BRAF mutant indicates an unspecified mutation in the BRAF gene.
N20T missense unknown BRAF N20T does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N20T has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 29106415), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
N486D missense unknown BRAF N486D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N486D results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
N486_A489delinsK indel unknown BRAF N486_A489delinsK results in a deletion of four amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 486 to 489, combined with the insertion of a lysine (K) at the same site (UniProt.org). N486_A489delinsK has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 29247016), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
N486_L495del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF N486_L495del results in the deletion of ten amino acids within the alphaC-helix region in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 26732095). N486_L495del has not been characterized, however, is predicted to lead to a gain of protein function due to other characterized BRAF deletions in the same region (PMID: 26732095).
N486_P490del deletion gain of function BRAF N486_P490del results in the deletion of five amino acids within the alphaC-helix region in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 486 to 490 (PMID: 26732095). N486_P490del confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as indicated by activation of the MAPK signaling pathway and increased cell proliferation and transformation, and has been demonstrated to confer Braf inhibitor resistance in cell culture (PMID: 37656784, PMID: 26732095). Y
N486_T491delinsK indel gain of function BRAF N486_T491delinsK results in a deletion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 486 to 491, combined with the insertion of a lysine (K) at the same site (UniProt.org). N486_A491delinsK confers a gain of function to Braf, as indicated by increased ERK activation and transformation of cultured cells (PMID: 30867592).
N49I missense no effect - predicted BRAF N49I does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N49I has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
N581D missense no effect - predicted BRAF N581D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N581D results in transactivation of ELK at comparable levels to wild-type Braf in a reporter assay (PMID: 16474404), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
N581H missense unknown BRAF N581H lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N581H has not been identified in the scientific literature, and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
N581I missense unknown BRAF N581I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N581I results in low Braf kinase activity and Ras-dependent activation of Erk signaling in cell culture (PMID: 28783719), however, also results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
N581K missense loss of function - predicted BRAF N581K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N581K has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
N581S missense unknown BRAF N581S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N581S has been identified as a secondary resistance mutation (PMID: 32553555), and results in intermediate Braf kinase activity (PMID: 15035987) as well as low Braf kinase activity (PMID: 28783719), and results in Ras-dependent activation of Erk signaling in cell culture (PMID: 28783719), however in another study, demonstrates increased transformation ability in one of two different cell lines compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown. Y
N581T missense no effect - predicted BRAF N581T lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N581T has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
N581X missense unknown BRAF N581X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the asparagine (N) at amino acid 581 by a different amino acid.
N581Y missense unknown BRAF N581Y lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). N581Y results in increased cell viability in culture (PMID: 32540409), but has not been fully biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
over exp none no effect BRAF over exp indicates an over expression of the Braf protein and/or mRNA. However, the mechanism causing the over expression is unspecified.
P141L missense no effect - predicted BRAF P141L does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P141L has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
P162S missense no effect - predicted BRAF P162S lies within the RBD domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P162S has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
P341S missense no effect - predicted BRAF P341S does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P341S has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
P348T missense no effect - predicted BRAF P348T does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P348T has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
P367L missense unknown BRAF P367L does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P367L has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 26317466), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
P367R missense gain of function BRAF P367R does not lie within any known functional domains within the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P367R confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as indicated by increased Erk phosphorylation in culture and tumor formation in animal models, and demonstrates resistance to Egfr inhibitors in culture (PMID: 27478040). Y
P367S missense unknown BRAF P367S does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P367S results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
P367X missense unknown BRAF P367X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the proline (P) at amino acid 367 by a different amino acid.
P403fs frameshift loss of function - predicted BRAF P403fs results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the Braf protein beginning at aa 403 of 766, likely resulting in premature truncation of the functional protein (UniProt.org). Due to the loss of the protein kinase domain (UniProt.org), P403fs is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
P407L missense no effect - predicted BRAF P407L does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P407L has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
P453T missense unknown BRAF P453T does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P453T has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 27717198, PMID: 16404419), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
P490_Q494del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF P490_Q494del results in the deletion of five amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 490 to 494 (PMID: 26732095). P490_Q494del results in activation of Mek in cell culture (PMID: 26996308), and similar Braf deletions are activating (PMID: 26996308, PMID: 26732095), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
P676S missense no effect - predicted BRAF P676S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P676S has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
P731S missense unknown BRAF P731S does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P731S results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
P731T missense unknown BRAF P731T does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). P731T has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 29320312), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
Q257H missense unknown BRAF Q257H lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Q257H has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 28852190, PMID: 27147599), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
Q257R missense gain of function BRAF Q257R lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the BRAF protein (UniProt.org). Q257R confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased kinase activity and activation of downstream Mek signaling in cell cuture, and activation of ELK in reporter assays (PMID: 16474404, PMID: 16439621).
Q257X missense unknown BRAF Q257X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the glutamine (Q) at amino acid 257 by a different amino acid.
Q262R missense unknown BRAF Q262R lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Q262R has not been characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
Q609E missense unknown BRAF Q609E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Q609E results in increased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
Q609H missense no effect - predicted BRAF Q609H lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Q609H has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
Q609L missense unknown BRAF Q609L lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Q609L has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 31837433, PMID: 34588906), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
R188L missense loss of function - predicted BRAF R188L lies within the RBD domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R188L is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function as indicated by failure to restore transendothelial electrical resistance and Erk and cofilin phosphorylation in BRAF-null cells in culture (PMID: 30828992), and results in loss of Raf dimerization (PMID: 20141835, PMID: 22926515) and Ras interaction (PMID: 36347258), leading to reduced or loss of transforming activity when combined with class 1/2 or class 3 Braf mutations in cultured cells (PMID: 36347258).
R188T missense no effect - predicted BRAF R188T lies within the RBD domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R188T has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
R239Q missense unknown BRAF R239Q lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R239Q has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 29903896), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
R271H missense no effect - predicted BRAF R271H lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R271H has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
R347* nonsense loss of function - predicted BRAF R347* results in a premature truncation of the Braf protein at amino acid 347 of 766 (UniProt.org). Due to the loss of a portion of the protein kinase domain (UniProt.org), R347* is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
R389C missense no effect - predicted BRAF R389C does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R389C has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
R444W missense unknown BRAF R444W does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R444W has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 15578519), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
R462I missense unknown BRAF R462I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R462I results in activation of Braf and increased Erk signaling in cell culture (PMID: 15035987), but induced cell proliferation and cell viability similar to wild-type Braf in two different cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
R462K missense no effect - predicted BRAF R462K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R462K has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
R462X missense unknown BRAF R462X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the arginine (R) at amino acid 462 by a different amino acid.
R506_K507insLLR insertion gain of function BRAF R506_K507insLLR results in the insertion of three amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 506 and 507 (UniProt.org). R506_K507insLLR results in impaired Braf homodimerization and heterodimerization, confers resistance to RAF inhibitors, and leads to increased phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and downstream signaling, and foci formation in cultured cells (PMID: 34108213). Y
R509G missense no effect - predicted BRAF R509G lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R509G has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
R509H missense loss of function BRAF R509H lies within the dimerization interface region of the Braf protein (PMID: 22510884). R509H confers a loss of function to the Braf protein, as demonstrated by decreased Braf dimerization and reduced ability to activate downstream Mek signaling in in vitro assays (PMID: 22510884).
R558Q missense loss of function - predicted BRAF R558Q lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R558Q results in moderate activation of Erk pathway signaling in a dimer and Ras-dependent manner in culture (PMID: 31515458), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
R603* nonsense loss of function - predicted BRAF R603* results in a premature truncation of the Braf protein at amino acid 603 of 766 (UniProt.org). Due to the loss of the protein kinase domain (UniProt.org), R603* is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf function.
R671Q missense no effect - predicted BRAF R671Q lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R671Q has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
R682W missense unknown BRAF R682W lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R682W has been demonstrated to confer resistance to an EGFR inhibitor in the context of EGFR exon 19 deletions in cultured cells (PMID: 27478040), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2024). Y
R719S missense no effect - predicted BRAF R719S does not lie with any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). R719S has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
rearrange unknown unknown BRAF rearrangement indicates an unspecified rearrangement of the BRAF gene.
S147N missense unknown BRAF S147N does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S147N has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 34759319, PMID: 32234759), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024).
S363F missense unknown BRAF S363F does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S363F has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 29903896), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
S364L missense no effect - predicted BRAF S364L does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S364L has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
S365L missense unknown BRAF S365L does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S365L has been demonstrated to occur as a secondary drug resistance mutation (PMID: 34178685), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, it's effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2024). Y
S36A missense unknown BRAF S36A does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S36A has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 28423545), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Mar 2024).
S419Y missense no effect - predicted BRAF S419Y does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S419Y has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
S465A missense no effect - predicted BRAF S465A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S465A results in basal Mek phosphorylation and Mek phosphorylation upon Ras activation to similar levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 27034005), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
S465D missense no effect - predicted BRAF S465D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S465D results in basal Mek phosphorylation and Mek phosphorylation upon Ras activation to similar levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 27034005), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
S465E missense loss of function - predicted BRAF S465E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S465E results in basal Mek phosphorylation similar to wild-type Braf but decreased Mek phosphorylation upon Ras activation in culture (PMID: 27034005), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
S467A missense gain of function BRAF S467A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S467A confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased kinase activity and activation of downstream Mek signaling (PMID: 23680146, PMID: 16439621).
S467L missense loss of function - predicted BRAF S467L lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S467L results in impaired Braf kinase activity, but leads to Ras-dependent activation of Erk in cell culture (PMID: 28783719) and increased cell proliferation and cell viability in two different cell lines (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
S467X missense unknown BRAF S467X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the serine (S) at amino acid 467 by a different amino acid.
S602A missense loss of function - predicted BRAF S602A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S602A (reported as S601A) retains binding to 14-3-3, Hsp90, and Mek, but results in reduced kinase activity in response to stimuli in cultured cells (PMID: 11032810), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
S602F missense no effect - predicted BRAF S602F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S602F has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
S602T missense unknown BRAF S602T lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S602T has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 24433452, PMID: 31980996), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
S605A missense loss of function - predicted BRAF S605A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S605A results in basal Mek phosphorylation similar to wild-type Braf but moderately decreased Mek phosphorylation upon Ras activation in culture (PMID: 27034005), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
S605E missense loss of function - predicted BRAF S605E lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S605E results in basal Mek phosphorylation similar to wild-type Braf but moderately decreased Mek phosphorylation upon Ras activation in culture (PMID: 27034005), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
S605F missense unknown BRAF S605F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S605F has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
S605G missense loss of function - predicted BRAF S605G lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S605G results in basal Mek phosphorylation similar to wild-type Braf but moderately decreased Mek phosphorylation upon Ras activation in culture (PMID: 27034005), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
S605N missense unknown BRAF S605N lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S605N has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 29176861, PMID: 28628916, PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
S607F missense unknown BRAF S607F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S607F demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), however, results in Erk1/2 and Braf phosphorylation similar to wild-type Braf (PMID: 32059434), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
S607P missense no effect - predicted BRAF S607P lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). S607P results in Erk1/2 and Braf phosphorylation similar to wild-type Braf (PMID: 32059434), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
S637* nonsense loss of function - predicted BRAF S637* results in a premature truncation the Braf protein at amino acid 637 of 766 (UniProt.org). S637* has not been biochemically characterized, however, demonstrates an inability to induce cell viability and proliferation in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
T119S missense unknown BRAF T119S does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T119S has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 34301793), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Mar 2024).
T241P missense unknown BRAF T241P lies within the phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T241P results in weak activation of MEK and ERK and does not induce transformation in cell culture (PMID: 19206169), but in one of two cell lines, demonstrates increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
T241X missense unknown BRAF T241X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the threonine (T) at amino acid 241 by a different amino acid.
T310I missense gain of function - predicted BRAF T310I does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T310I is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function as indicated by intermediate increase of Erk phosphorylation in culture, and is associated with resistance to Raf inhibitors (PMID: 31158244). Y
T401I missense no effect - predicted BRAF T401I does not lie within any known functional domains of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T401I has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
T470K missense no effect - predicted BRAF T470K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T470K has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
T470R missense unknown BRAF T470R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T470R has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 33861486), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
T488_P492del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF T488_P492del results in the deletion of five amino acids within the alphaC-helix region in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 488 to 492 (PMID: 26732095). T488_P492del results in activation of Mek in cell culture (PMID: 26996308), and similar Braf deletions are activating (PMID: 26996308, PMID: 26732095), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
T488_Q493delinsK indel gain of function - predicted BRAF T488_Q493delinsK results in the deletion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 488 to 493, combined with the insertion of a lysine (K) at the same site (UniProt.org). T488_Q493delinsK has not been characterized, however, is predicted to lead to a gain of protein function due to other characterized BRAF deletions in the same region (PMID: 26732095).
T529I missense unknown BRAF T529I is a gatekeeper mutation that lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 20538618). T529I has been demonstrated to confer resistance to Raf inhibitors in the context of BRAF V600E (PMID: 20538618), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Mar 2024). Y
T529M missense unknown BRAF T529M lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T529M has been demonstrated to confer resistance to Raf inhibitors (PMID: 20538618, PMID: 28783719, PMID: 31453322), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024). Y
T529N missense unknown BRAF T529N lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T529N demonstrates RAS-induced kinase activity similar to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 20141835), and confers resistance to Raf inhibitors (PMID: 20538618, PMID: 20807807, PMID: 20141835), but has not been fully biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown. Y
T599A missense loss of function BRAF T599A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T599A does not result in increased MEK or ERK phosphorylation and does not transactivate CRAF (PMID: 22506009), and demonstrates decreased transformation ability compared to wild-type Braf in cell culture (PMID: 29533785).
T599dup duplication gain of function BRAF T599dup (also referred to T599_V600insT) indicates the insertion of the duplicate amino acid, threonine (T)-599, in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T599dup results in increased kinase activity (PMID: 21190184), increased phosphorylation of Mek and Erk, and transformation in cell culture (PMID: 21190184, PMID: 38662982).
T599I missense gain of function BRAF T599I (also reported as T598I) lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T599I results in increased Braf kinase activity, increased downstream Erk signaling (PMID: 15035987), and induces cell proliferation and cell viability in culture (PMID: 29533785).
T599K missense gain of function - predicted BRAF T599K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). T599K is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function as demonstrated by increased Erk phosphorylation in culture, and is associated with resistance to Raf inhibitors (PMID: 31158244). Y
T599R missense gain of function BRAF T599R lies within the activation segment in the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 19206169). T599R confers a gain of function on Braf, as indicated by increased MEK and ERK phosphorylation, and is transforming in cell culture (PMID: 19206169, PMID: 29533785).
T599X missense unknown BRAF T599X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the threonine (T) at amino acid 599 by a different amino acid.
T599_V600insEAT insertion gain of function - predicted BRAF T599_V600insEAT results in the insertion of three amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 599 and 600 (UniProt.org). T599_V600insEAT has not been characterized however, other insertions between T599 and V600 are activating (PMID: 16501605, PMID: 17297294, PMID: 21190184), and therefore, T599_V600insEAT is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
T599_V600insETT insertion gain of function - predicted BRAF T599_V600insETT results in the insertion of 3 amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 599 and 600 (UniProt.org). BRAF T599_V600insETT has not been characterized however, other insertions between T599 and V600 are activating (PMID: 16501605, PMID: 17297294, PMID: 21190184), and therefore, T599_V600insETT is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
T599_V600insS insertion unknown BRAF T599_V600insS results in the insertion of a serine (S) in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 599 and 600 (UniProt.org). T599_V600insS has not been characterized in the scientific literature and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
T599_V600insTT insertion gain of function BRAF T599_V600insTT results in the insertion of two threonines (T) in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 599 and 600 (UniProt.org). T599_V600insTT results in increased Braf kinase activity in an in vitro assay, and increased downstream Mek/Erk signaling in culture (PMID: 21190184).
V169_D380del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF V169_D380del results in the deletion of 212 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 169 to 380 (UniProt.org). V169_D380del (reported as internal deletion of exons 4-8) has not been characterized, however, due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936), is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
V169_G327del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF V169_G327del results in the deletion of 159 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 169 to 327 (UniProt.org). V169_G327del (reported as internal deletion of exons 4-7) has not been characterized, however, due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936), is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
V226L missense unknown BRAF V226L lies within the RBD domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V226L has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 34449929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
V459L missense unknown BRAF V459L lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V459L results in impaired Braf kinase activity and leads to Ras-dependent activation of Erk in culture (PMID: 28783719), however, in two different cell lines, induces similar proliferation and viability as compared to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
V471F missense loss of function BRAF V471F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V471F results in a loss of Braf kinase activity, however, results in dimerization-dependent activation of Erk signaling and is weakly transforming in cultured cells (PMID: 25348715).
V471I missense unknown BRAF V471I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V471I has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 28188106, PMID: 35978013, PMID: 36156323), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
V47_D380del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF V47_D380del results in the deletion of 334 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 47 to 380 (UniProt.org). V47_D380del (reported as internal deletion of exons 2-8) has been associated with resistance to Mek inhibitors in a patient (PMID: 29171936), and is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612). Y
V47_G327del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF V47_G327del results in the deletion of 281 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 47 to 327 (UniProt.org). V47_G327del (reported as internal deletion of exons 2-7) has not been characterized, however, due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936), is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
V47_G393del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF V47_G393del results in the deletion of 347 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 47 to 393 (UniProt.org). V47_G393del (reported as internal deletion of exons 2-9) has not been characterized, however, due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936), is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
V47_M438del deletion gain of function - predicted BRAF V47_M438del results in the deletion of 392 amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 47 to 438 (UniProt.org). V47_M438del (reported as internal deletion of exons 2-10) has been associated with acquired resistance to a Braf inhibitor in a patient (PMID: 32669268), and is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function due to the deletion of the CR1 autoinhibitory domain and preservation of the protein kinase domain (PMID: 23890088, PMID: 22113612, PMID: 29171936). Y
V487_P492delinsA indel gain of function BRAF V487_P492delinsA results in a deletion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 487 to 492, combined with the insertion of an alanine (A) at the same site (UniProt.org). V487_P492delinsA results in increased Mek/Erk phosphorylation, cell proliferation and transformation (PMID: 26732095, PMID: 37656784), and confers resistance to select RAF inhibitors in culture (PMID: 37656784). Y
V504I missense no effect - predicted BRAF V504I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V504I has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
V504_R506dup duplication gain of function BRAF V504_R506dup (also referred to as R506_K507insVLR) indicates the insertion of three amino acids, valine (V)-504 through arginine (R)-506, in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V504_R506dup confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by stabilization of Braf homodimers, increased downstream Erk phosphorylation in cultured cells (PMID: 23817572, PMID: 30575814), and association with increased Erk1/2 phosphorylation in human tumor samples (PMID: 29544532), and has been associated with resistance to select Raf and Mek inhibitors in cultured cells (PMID: 30575814). Y
V590G missense unknown BRAF V590G lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V590G has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 28650588), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
V590I missense unknown BRAF V590I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V590I results in reduced Mek1/2 and Erk1/2 phosphorylation (PMID: 20824047), but similar cell proliferation and viability levels to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
V600A missense no effect - predicted BRAF V600A (previously reported as V599) lies within the activation segment of the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600A results in Mek phosphorylation levels similar to wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 26744778), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
V600D missense gain of function BRAF V600D (previously reported as V599) lies within the activation segment of the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600D confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased kinase activity, downstream signaling, and the ability to transform cells in vitro (PMID: 15035987).
V600delinsYM indel gain of function BRAF V600delinsYM results in a deletion of valine (V) at amino acid 600 within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein, combined with the insertion of a tyrosine (Y) and a methionine (M) at the same site (UniProt.org). V600delinsYM results in increased Braf kinase activity, increased downstream signaling, and the ability to transform cells in culture (PMID: 22752848).
V600dup duplication gain of function BRAF V600dup (also referred to as T599_V600insV) indicates the insertion of the duplicate amino acid, valine (V)-600, in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V600dup confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased kinase activity and phosphorylation of downstream Mek and Erk, and is transforming in cell culture (PMID: 21190184).
V600E missense gain of function BRAF V600E (previously reported as V599E) lies within the activation segment of the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600E confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased Braf kinase activity, downstream signaling, and the ability to transform cells in culture (PMID: 15035987, PMID: 29533785, PMID: 18697864).
V600E/K missense gain of function BRAF V600E/K indicates a mutation that results in the replacement of the valine (V) at amino acid 600 of the Braf protein by either a glutamate (E) or lysine (K). V600E/K mutations are hotspot mutations in Braf that result in increased Braf kinase activity (PMID: 15035987).
V600fs frameshift loss of function - predicted BRAF V600fs results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the Braf protein beginning at aa 600 of 766, likely resulting in premature truncation of the functional protein (UniProt.org). Due to the disruption of the protein kinase domain (UniProt.org), V600fs is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
V600G missense gain of function BRAF V600G (previously reported as V599G) lies within the activation segment of the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600G confers a gain of function to Braf as indicated by increased phosphorylation of MEK and ERK and activation of ELK in culture (PMID: 20735442, PMID: 26744778), and in one of two cell lines, increased cell proliferation and viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785).
V600K missense gain of function BRAF V600K (previously reported as V599) lies within the activation segment of the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600K confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased kinase activity, downstream signaling, and the ability to transform cells in vitro (PMID: 15035987, PMID: 29533785).
V600L missense unknown BRAF V600L (previously reported as V599L) lies within the activation segment of the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600L results in increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf in one of two cell lines in culture (PMID: 29533785), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
V600M missense gain of function - predicted BRAF V600M (previously reported as V599) lies within the activation segment of the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600M results in intermediate Braf kinase activity in cell culture (PMID: 28783719), and in one of two cell lines increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a gain of Braf protein function.
V600Q missense unknown BRAF V600Q (previously reported as V599Q) lies within the activation segment of the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600Q has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 28848703), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
V600R missense gain of function BRAF V600R (previously reported as V599) lies within the activation segment of the kinase domain of the Braf protein (PMID: 15035987). V600R confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased Braf kinase activity, downstream signaling, and the ability to transform cells in culture (PMID: 15035987, PMID: 29533785).
V600X missense unknown BRAF V600X indicates any BRAF missense mutation that results in replacement of the valine (V) at amino acid 600 by a different amino acid. BRAF V600 mutations are hotspot mutations that often result in increased Braf kinase activity (PMID: 15035987).
V600_K601delinsE indel gain of function BRAF V600_K601delinsE results in the deletion of two amino acids formation of a new glutamic acid (E) residue in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein between amino acids 600 and 601 (UniProt.org, PMID: 22563563). V600_K601delinsE leads to activation of downstream Mek and Erk signaling, increased colony formation (PMID: 17297294), and induces cell proliferation and cell viability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785).
V600_K601delinsEN indel unknown BRAF V600_K601delinsEN results in deletion of a valine (V) and a lysine (L) in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 600 to 601, combined with the insertion of a glutamic acid (E) and an asparagine (N) at the same site (UniProt.org). V600_K601delinsEN has not been characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
V600_R603del deletion gain of function BRAF V600_R603del results in the deletion of four amino acids of the Braf protein from amino acids 600 to 603 (UniProt.org). V600_R603del confers a gain of function to the Braf protein as demonstrated by increased downstream phosphorylation in culture, increased kinase activity in in vitro analyses, and induces TSH-independent proliferation in culture (PMID: 18697864).
V600_W604delinsDG indel unknown BRAF V600_W604delinsDG results in the deletion of five amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 488 to 493, combined with the insertion of an aspartic acid (D) and a glycine (G) at the same site (UniProt.org). V600_W604delinsDG results in increased pERK expression in patient samples (PMID: 39107839), but has not been fully biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
V600_W604delinsR indel unknown BRAF V600_W604delinsR results in the deletion of five amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 600 to 604, combined with the insertion of an arginine (R) at the same site (UniProt.org). V600_W604delinsR has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 38766698, PMID: 30442523), but has not been biochemically characterized, and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2024).
V639I missense no effect - predicted BRAF V639I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V639I has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
V681I missense no effect - predicted BRAF V681I lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). V681I has not been biochemically characterized, but results in similar cell proliferation and viability levels as wild-type Braf in culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to have no effect on Braf protein function.
W450* nonsense loss of function - predicted BRAF W450* results in a premature truncation the Braf protein at amino acid 450 of 766 (UniProt.org). Due to the loss of the protein kinase domain (UniProt.org), R450* is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.
W531C missense unknown BRAF W531C lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). W531C results in the weak activation of MEK signaling and does not induce transformation in cell culture (PMID: 19206169), but in two different cell lines, W531C demonstrates increased cell proliferation and viability as compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and demonstrates increased Mek and Erk signaling in drosophila (PMID: 33855281), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
W604C missense unknown BRAF W604C lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). W604C has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 30926357, PMID: 26110571, PMID: 35050727), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
W604del deletion unknown BRAF W604del results in the deletion of an amino acid in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein at amino acid 604 (UniProt.org). W604del has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 15513360), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
W604G missense unknown BRAF W604G lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). W604G has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 29769567, PMID: 15331929), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
W604R missense unknown BRAF W604R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). W604R has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 28188106, PMID: 21825258, PMID: 23833300), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
W619R missense unknown BRAF W619R lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). W619R has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 16179870, PMID: 36579983), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
wild-type none no effect Wild-type BRAF indicates that no mutation has been detected within the BRAF gene.
Y472C missense unknown BRAF Y472C lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Y472C results in impaired Braf kinase activity, but paradoxically increases Mek and Erk signaling through C-raf transactivation (PMID: 22649091), however in two different cell lines, Y472C induces similar cell proliferation and cell viability as compared to wild-type Braf (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown.
Y538H missense unknown BRAF Y538H lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Y538H has not been characterized in the scientific literature and therefore, its effect on Braf protein function is unknown (PubMed, Sep 2024).
Y656D missense loss of function - predicted BRAF Y656D lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). Y656D has not been biochemically characterized, but demonstrates decreased transformation ability in cell culture (PMID: 29533785), and therefore, is predicted to lead to a loss of Braf protein function.