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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (25568876)
Authors Fontanella C, Ongaro E, Bolzonello S, Guardascione M, Fasola G, Aprile G
Title Clinical advances in the development of novel VEGFR2 inhibitors.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Annals of translational medicine 2 12 2014 Dec 123 Ann Transl Med
URL
Abstract Text Angiogenesis inhibitors have produced significant advances in the treatment of several tumors including colorectal, lung, ovarian and renal carcinomas. These agents, however, modestly impact on the overall cure rate, and their activity is often limited because of the early outbreak of redundant pathways or resistance mechanisms. Moreover, no clear predictive factor has been identified for treatment selection in the clinic. Preclinical evidence suggest that antibodies targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) axis may exert their activity throughout the inhibition of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) phosphorylation, a key factor in the cancer angiogenic process. Among other molecules, ramucirumab, an intravenously administered, fully humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the extracellular domain of the receptor, and apatinib, a potent oral inhibitor of the intracellular domain, are emerging as original antiangiogenic opportunities. This up-to-date review focuses on the development of VEGFR2 inhibitors across multiple cancers and presents results of the most recent researches, ranging from early phase I studies to randomized phase III trials, in which those drugs have been tested as a single-agent or in combination with different chemotherapy regimens.

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Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
KDR NCBI CD309|FLK1|VEGFR|VEGFR2 KDR (VEGFR2), kinase insert domain receptor, is also known as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and is an endothelial cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase and member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins that plays a role in angiogenesis and cell proliferation through activation of RAF-MEK-MAP and PI3K-AKT pathways (PMID: 25568876, PMID: 29093528, PMID: 26578684). KDR amplification and overexpression have been reported in a variety of tumor types (PMID: 21382095, PMID: 27218826, PMID: 25231439, PMID: 20606037, PMID: 30819137) and somatic mutations have been reported in sarcomas and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (PMID: 22314185, PMID: 11801954). Oncogene
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References