Reference Detail

Ref Type

Journal Article

PMID

(28714990)

Authors

Xue Y, Martelotto L, Baslan T, Vides A, Solomon M, Mai TT, Chaudhary N, Riely GJ, Li BT, Scott K, Cechhi F, Stierner U, Chadalavada K, de Stanchina E, Schwartz S, Hembrough T, Nanjangud G, Berger MF, Nilsson J, Lowe SW, Reis-Filho JS, Rosen N, Lito P

Title

An approach to suppress the evolution of resistance in BRAFV600E-mutant cancer.

Journal	Vol	Issue	Date	Pages	Journal Short Title
Nature medicine	23	8	2017 Aug	929-937	Nat Med

URL

Abstract Text

The principles that govern the evolution of tumors exposed to targeted therapy are poorly understood. Here we modeled the selection and propagation of an amplification in the BRAF oncogene (BRAFamp) in patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs) that were treated with a direct inhibitor of the kinase ERK, either alone or in combination with other ERK signaling inhibitors. Single-cell sequencing and multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses mapped the emergence of extra-chromosomal amplification in parallel evolutionary trajectories that arose in the same tumor shortly after treatment. The evolutionary selection of BRAFamp was determined by the fitness threshold, the barrier that subclonal populations need to overcome to regain fitness in the presence of therapy. This differed for inhibitors of ERK signaling, suggesting that sequential monotherapy is ineffective and selects for a progressively higher BRAF copy number. Concurrent targeting of the RAF, MEK and ERK kinases, however, imposed a sufficiently high fitness threshold to prevent the propagation of subclones with high-level BRAFamp. When administered on an intermittent schedule, this treatment inhibited tumor growth in 11/11 PDXs of lung cancer or melanoma without apparent toxicity in mice. Thus, gene amplification can be acquired and expanded through parallel evolution, enabling tumors to adapt while maintaining their intratumoral heterogeneity. Treatments that impose the highest fitness threshold will likely prevent the evolution of resistance-causing alterations and, thus, merit testing in patients.

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Molecular Profile	Treatment Approach

Gene Name	Source	Synonyms	Protein Domains	Gene Description	Gene Role

Therapy Name	Drugs	Efficacy Evidence	Clinical Trials

Drug Name	Trade Name	Synonyms	Drug Classes	Drug Description

Gene	Variant	Impact	Protein Effect	Variant Description	Associated with drug Resistance

Molecular Profile	Indication/Tumor Type	Response Type	Therapy Name	Approval Status	Evidence Type	Efficacy Evidence	References
BRAF V600E BRAF amp	lung adenocarcinoma	decreased response	SCH772984	Preclinical - Patient cell culture	Actionable	In a preclinical study, patient-derived BRAF V600E mutant lung adenocarcinoma cells that acquired resistance to Erk inhibitor through BRAF amplification were less sensitive to SCH772984 in culture (PMID: 28714990).	28714990
BRAF V600E	melanoma	decreased response	Dabrafenib + SCH772984 + Trametinib	Preclinical - Cell culture	Actionable	In a preclinical study, combination of Tafinlar (dabrafenib), SCH772984, and Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in durable inhibition of Erk signaling and proliferation of melanoma cells overexpressing BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 28714990).	28714990
BRAF V600E BRAF amp	lung adenocarcinoma	sensitive	Dabrafenib + SCH772984 + Trametinib	Preclinical - Pdx	Actionable	In a preclinical study, combination of Tafinlar (dabrafenib), SCH772984, and Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in durable tumor inhibition in cell line xenograft models of BRAF V600E mutated lung adenocarcinoma cells that acquired resistance to Erk inhibitors through BRAF amplification (PMID: 28714990).	28714990