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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (33149267)
Authors Rummelt C, Gorantla SP, Meggendorfer M, Charlet A, Endres C, Döhner K, Heidel FH, Fischer T, Haferlach T, Duyster J, von Bubnoff N
Title Activating JAK-mutations confer resistance to FLT3 kinase inhibitors in FLT3-ITD positive AML in vitro and in vivo.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Leukemia 2020 Nov 04 2017-2029 Leukemia
URL
Abstract Text An important limitation of FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in FLT3-ITD positive AML is the development of resistance. To better understand resistance to FLT3 inhibition, we examined FLT3-ITD positive cell lines which had acquired resistance to midostaurin or sorafenib. In 6 out of 23 TKI resistant cell lines we were able to detect a JAK1 V658F mutation, a mutation that led to reactivation of the CSF2RB-STAT5 pathway. Knockdown of JAK1, or treatment with a JAK inhibitor, resensitized cells to FLT3 inhibition. Out of 136 patients with FLT3-ITD mutated AML and exposed to FLT3 inhibitor, we found seven different JAK family mutations in six of the cases (4.4%), including five bona fide, activating mutations. Except for one patient, the JAK mutations occurred de novo (n = 4) or displayed increasing variant allele frequency after exposure to FLT3 TKI (n = 1). In vitro each of the five activating variants were found to induce resistance to FLT3-ITD inhibition, which was then overcome by dual FLT3/JAK inhibition. In conclusion, our data characterize a novel mechanism of resistance to FLT3-ITD inhibition and may offer a potential therapy, using dual JAK and FLT3 inhibition.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
FLT3 R834_D835del deletion unknown FLT3 R834_D835del results in the deletion of two amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Flt3 protein from amino acids 834 to 835 (UniProt.org). R834_D835del has been identified in sequencing studies (PMID: 31471587, PMID: 33149267), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Flt3 protein function is unknown (PubMed, Nov 2024).
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 R724H JAK3 A573V hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited downstream signaling and cell growth in transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation, JAK1 R724H, and JAK3 A573V in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer resistant Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F were resistant to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer decreased response Pacritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Vonjo (pacritinib) treatment decreased cell proliferation and Akt and Erk phosphorylation, but did not fully inhibit Stat5 phosphorylation in transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I and was less effective compared to treatment with the combination of a FLT3 inhibitor and a JAK inhibitor in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 V658F hematologic cancer resistant Sorafenib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 V658F were resistant to treatment with Nexavar (sorafenib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer resistant Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I were resistant to treatment with Jakafi (ruxolitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I acute myeloid leukemia resistant Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I were resistant to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 R724H JAK3 A573V hematologic cancer resistant Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation, JAK1 R724H, and JAK3 A573V were resistant to treatment with Jakafi (ruxolitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 R953* acute myeloid leukemia predicted - resistant Quizartinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, a patient with acute myeloid leukemia harboring a FLT3-ITD mutation treated with Vanflyta (quizartinib) was found to have acquired a JAK3 R953* mutation upon relapse (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer resistant Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I were resistant to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 R724H JAK3 A573V hematologic cancer resistant Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation, JAK1 R724H, and JAK3 A573V were resistant to treatment with Xeljanz (tofacitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I hematologic cancer resistant Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I were resistant to treatment with Jakafi (ruxolitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I hematologic cancer resistant Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I were resistant to treatment with Xeljanz (tofacitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer resistant Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I were resistant to treatment with Xeljanz (tofacitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer resistant Gilteritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I were resistant to treatment with Xospata (gilteritinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 V658F hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited Flt3 and Stat5 phosphorylation and growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 V658F in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 R953* hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Rydapt (midostaurin) inhibited growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 R953* in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer resistant Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F were resistant to treatment with Xeljanz (tofacitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 R724H JAK3 A573V hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Xeljanz (tofacitinib) inhibited growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation, JAK1 R724H, and JAK3 A573V in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I hematologic cancer resistant Gilteritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I were resistant to treatment with Xospata (gilteritinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 V658F hematologic cancer resistant Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 V658F were resistant to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer predicted - sensitive Pacritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Vonjo (pacritinib) treatment decreased cell proliferation and downstream signaling in transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F in culture but may not be capable of fully inhibiting Flt3 and Jak signaling at clinically achievable concentrations (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I hematologic cancer decreased response Pacritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Vonjo (pacritinib) treatment decreased cell proliferation and Akt and Erk phosphorylation, but did not fully inhibit Stat5 phosphorylation in transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I and was less effective compared to treatment with the combination of a FLT3 inhibitor and a JAK inhibitor in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer decreased response Midostaurin + Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Xeljanz (tofacitinib) compared to cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and activating mutations of JAK1 or JAK3 in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 R724H JAK3 A573V acute myeloid leukemia resistant Midostaurin Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, a patient with acute myeloid leukemia harboring a FLT3-ITD mutation, JAK1 R724H, and JAK3 A573V demonstrated increased allele frequencies for JAK1 R724H (13.5% vs 22%) and JAK3 A573V (13.1% vs 23.1%) after not responding to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) and chemotherapy, and in a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation, JAK1 R724H, and JAK3 A573V were resistant to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer resistant Gilteritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F were resistant to treatment with Xospata (gilteritinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 V658F hematologic cancer sensitive Ruxolitinib + Sorafenib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Nexavar (sorafenib) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 V658F in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer sensitive Gilteritinib + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Xospata (gilteritinib) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited downstream signaling and cell growth in transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer resistant Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F were resistant to treatment with Jakafi (ruxolitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Xeljanz (tofacitinib) inhibited cell growth and downstream signaling of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer sensitive Gilteritinib + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Xospata (gilteritinib) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited downstream signaling and cell growth in transformed hematologic cells expressing aa FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK3 V722I in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I hematologic cancer sensitive Gilteritinib + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Xospata (gilteritinib) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK2 V617F hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Jakafi (ruxolitinib) inhibited downstream signaling and cell growth in transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK2 V617F in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 V658F hematologic cancer resistant Ruxolitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 V658F were resistant to treatment with Jakafi (ruxolitinib) in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK1 S703I hematologic cancer sensitive Midostaurin + Tofacitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Rydapt (midostaurin) and Xeljanz (tofacitinib) inhibited growth of transformed hematologic cells expressing a FLT3-ITD mutation and JAK1 S703I in culture (PMID: 33149267). 33149267
FLT3 exon 14 ins JAK3 V722I acute myeloid leukemia predicted - resistant Sorafenib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, a patient with acute myeloid leukemia harboring a FLT3-ITD mutation treated with Nexavar (sorafenib) was found to have acquired a JAK3 V722I mutation with a variant allele frequency of 49% upon relapse (PMID: 33149267). 33149267