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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (29636358)
Authors McCoach CE, Le AT, Gowan K, Jones K, Schubert L, Doak A, Estrada-Bernal A, Davies KD, Merrick DT, Bunn PA, Purcell WT, Dziadziuszko R, Varella-Garcia M, Aisner DL, Camidge DR, Doebele RC
Title Resistance Mechanisms to Targeted Therapies in ROS1+ and ALK+ Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 24 14 2018 Jul 15 3334-3347 Clin Cancer Res
URL
Abstract Text Purpose: Despite initial benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring ALK (ALK+) and ROS1 (ROS1+) gene fusions ultimately progress. Here, we report on the potential resistance mechanisms in a series of patients with ALK+ and ROS1+ NSCLC progressing on different types and/or lines of ROS1/ALK-targeted therapy.Experimental Design: We used a combination of next-generation sequencing (NGS), multiplex mutation assay, direct DNA sequencing, RT-PCR, and FISH to identify fusion variants/partners and copy-number gain (CNG), kinase domain mutations (KDM), and copy-number variations (CNVs) in other cancer-related genes. We performed testing on 12 ROS1+ and 43 ALK+ patients.Results: One of 12 ROS1+ (8%) and 15 of 43 (35%) ALK + patients harbored KDM. In the ROS1+ cohort, we identified KIT and β-catenin mutations and HER2-mediated bypass signaling as non-ROS1-dominant resistance mechanisms. In the ALK+ cohort, we identified a novel NRG1 gene fusion, a RET fusion, 2 EGFR, and 3 KRAS mutations, as well as mutations in IDH1, RIT1, NOTCH, and NF1 In addition, we identified CNV in multiple proto-oncogenes genes including PDGFRA, KIT, KDR, GNAS, K/HRAS, RET, NTRK1, MAP2K1, and others.Conclusions: We identified a putative TKI resistance mechanism in six of 12 (50%) ROS1 + patients and 37 of 43 (86%) ALK+ patients. Our data suggest that a focus on KDMs will miss most resistance mechanisms; broader gene testing strategies and functional validation is warranted to devise new therapeutic strategies for drug resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3334-47. ©2018 AACR.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
ALK L1198V missense unknown ALK L1198V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). L1198V has been demonstrated to confer resistance to ALK inhibitors in the context of Alk fusions (PMID: 29636358, PMID: 35123209), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2025). Y
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
EML4 - ALK FGFR1 amp lung non-small cell carcinoma predicted - resistant Brigatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a non-small cell lung carcinoma patient harboring EML4-ALK treated with Alunbrig (brigatinib) responded, but eventually progressed, and was subsequently found to harbor a presumed resistance alteration, FGFR1 amplification (PMID: 29636358). 29636358
EML4 - ALK ALK E1210K lung non-small cell carcinoma resistant Crizotinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma harboring EML4-ALK progressed on treatment with Xalkori (crizotinib) and was subsequently found to harbor a secondary resistance mutation, ALK E1210K (PMID: 29636358). 29636358
ROS1 fusion ROS1 L1951R ROS1 L2026M lung non-small cell carcinoma predicted - resistant Crizotinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a non-small cell lung carcinoma patient harboring a ROS1 fusion progressed after 17 months of treatment with Xalkori (crizotinib), and was found to have acquired two additional mutations in trans, ROS1 L2026M and ROS1 L1951R, and cells derived from this patient showed partially decreased SHP2 and ERK1/2 signaling and ROS1 activation (PMID: 29636358). 29636358
ROS1 fusion ROS1 L1951R ROS1 L2026M lung non-small cell carcinoma resistant Ceritinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a non-small cell lung carcinoma patient co-harboring a ROS1 fusion, and two other mutations in trans, ROS1 L2026M, and ROS1 L1951R demonstrated resistance to treatment with Zykadia (ceritinib), and cells derived from this patient showed partially decreased SHP2 and ERK1/2 signaling and ROS1 activation (PMID: 29636358). 29636358
ROS1 fusion KIT D816G lung non-small cell carcinoma predicted - resistant Crizotinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a non-small cell lung carcinoma patient harboring a ROS1 fusion developed resistance to treatment with Xalkori (crizotinib) and was subsequently found to have acquired KIT D816G (PMID: 29636358). 29636358
EML4 - ALK HRAS amp lung non-small cell carcinoma predicted - resistant Crizotinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a non-small cell lung carcinoma patient harboring EML4-ALK treated with Xalkori (crizotinib) responded, but eventually progressed, and was subsequently found to harbor a presumed resistance alteration, HRAS amplification (PMID: 29636358). 29636358
EML4 - ALK ALK S1206C ALK E1210K lung non-small cell carcinoma resistant Brigatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a non-small cell lung carcinoma patient harboring EML4-ALK and ALK E1210K eventually progressed on treatment with Alunbrig (brigatinib) and was subsequently found to have acquired another resistance mutation, ALK S1206C in cis (PMID: 29636358). 29636358
EML4 - ALK ALK F1174L ALK L1198V lung non-small cell carcinoma resistant Brigatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a non-small cell lung carcinoma patient harboring EML4-ALK progressed while being treated with Alunbrig (brigatinib) and was subsequently found to harbor two resistance mutations, ALK F1174L and ALK L1198V, which were both in cis (PMID: 29636358). 29636358