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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (24283590)
Authors Choi J, Landrette SF, Wang T, Evans P, Bacchiocchi A, Bjornson R, Cheng E, Stiegler AL, Gathiaka S, Acevedo O, Boggon TJ, Krauthammer M, Halaban R, Xu T
Title Identification of PLX4032-resistance mechanisms and implications for novel RAF inhibitors.
URL
Abstract Text BRAF inhibitors improve melanoma patient survival, but resistance invariably develops. Here we report the discovery of a novel BRAF mutation that confers resistance to PLX4032 employing whole-exome sequencing of drug-resistant BRAF(V600K) melanoma cells. We further describe a new screening approach, a genome-wide piggyBac mutagenesis screen that revealed clinically relevant aberrations (N-terminal BRAF truncations and CRAF overexpression). The novel BRAF mutation, a Leu505 to His substitution (BRAF(L505H) ), is the first resistance-conferring second-site mutation identified in BRAF mutant cells. The mutation replaces a small nonpolar amino acid at the BRAF-PLX4032 interface with a larger polar residue. Moreover, we show that BRAF(L505H) , found in human prostate cancer, is itself a MAPK-activating, PLX4032-resistant oncogenic mutation. Lastly, we demonstrate that the PLX4032-resistant melanoma cells are sensitive to novel, next-generation BRAF inhibitors, especially the 'paradox-blocker' PLX8394, supporting its use in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma patients with BRAF-mutations.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
PLX8394 PLX8394 25 4
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
PLX8394 PLX 8394|PLX-8394|FORE8394|FORE-8394|FORE 8394|Plixorafenib BRAF Inhibitor 25 CRAF Inhibitor 12 PLX8394 is a RAF inhibitor that inhibits wild-type and mutant BRAF, as well as CRAF, and does not paradoxically activate MAPK signaling, potentially resulting in decreased proliferation of BRAF-mutant tumor cells (PMID: 26466569, PMID: 24283590, PMID: 28659148, PMID: 30559419).
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
BRAF L505H missense gain of function BRAF L505H lies within the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein (UniProt.org). L505H confers a gain of function to the Braf protein resulting in MEK/ERK activation and oncogenic transformation in cultured cells, and is associated with resistance to RAF inhibitors (PMID: 24283590). Y
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
BRAF L505H melanoma resistant Vemurafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cells expressing BRAF L505H were resistant to Zelboraf (vemurafenib) (PMID: 24283590). 24283590