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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (31585938)
Authors Recondo G, Mezquita L, Facchinetti F, Planchard D, Gazzah A, Bigot L, Rizvi AZ, Frias RL, Thiery JP, Scoazec JY, Sourisseau T, Howarth K, Deas O, Samofalova D, Galissant J, Tesson P, Braye F, Naltet C, Lavaud P, Mahjoubi L, Abou Lovergne A, Vassal G, Bahleda R, Hollebecque A, Nicotra C, Ngo-Camus M, Michiels S, Lacroix L, Richon C, Auger N, De Baere T, Tselikas L, Solary E, Angevin E, Eggermont AM, Andre F, Massard C, Olaussen KA, Soria JC, Besse B, Friboulet L
Title Diverse Resistance Mechanisms to the Third-Generation ALK Inhibitor Lorlatinib in ALK-Rearranged Lung Cancer.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 26 1 2020 Jan 01 242-255 Clin Cancer Res
URL
Abstract Text Lorlatinib is a third-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitor with proven efficacy in patients with ALK-rearranged lung cancer previously treated with first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors. Beside compound mutations in the ALK kinase domain, other resistance mechanisms driving lorlatinib resistance remain unknown. We aimed to characterize the mechanisms of resistance to lorlatinib occurring in patients with ALK-rearranged lung cancer and design new therapeutic strategies in this setting.Resistance mechanisms were investigated in 5 patients resistant to lorlatinib. Longitudinal tumor biopsies were studied using high-throughput next-generation sequencing. Patient-derived models were developed to characterize the acquired resistance mechanisms, and Ba/F3 cell mutants were generated to study the effect of novel ALK compound mutations. Drug combinatory strategies were evaluated in vitro and in vivo to overcome lorlatinib resistance.Diverse biological mechanisms leading to lorlatinib resistance were identified. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated resistance in two patient-derived cell lines and was susceptible to dual SRC and ALK inhibition. We characterized three ALK kinase domain compound mutations occurring in patients, L1196M/D1203N, F1174L/G1202R, and C1156Y/G1269A, with differential susceptibility to ALK inhibition by lorlatinib. We identified a novel bypass mechanism of resistance caused by NF2 loss-of-function mutations, conferring sensitivity to treatment with mTOR inhibitors.This study shows that mechanisms of resistance to lorlatinib are diverse and complex, requiring new therapeutic strategies to tailor treatment upon disease progression.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
ALK E1154K missense unknown ALK E1154K lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). E1154K has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 31585938, PMID: 38448512), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, Feb 2025).
ALK I1268V missense unknown ALK I1268V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). I1268V has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 31585938), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, Feb 2025).
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
ALK rearrange ALK F1174L lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Ceritinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, ALK F1174L was identified in biopsies at disease progression after 4 months of Zykadia (ceritinib) treatment in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring ALK rearrangement (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
ALK rearrange ALK L1196M lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Crizotinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, Xalkori (crizotinib) treatment resulted in disease progression after 4 months of therapy in a patient with ALK rearranged lung adenocarcinoma, ALK L1196M was detected in the biopsies at disease progression (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y ALK G1269A lung adenocarcinoma sensitive Lorlatinib + Saracatinib Preclinical - Patient cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Saracatinib (AZD0530) and Lorbrena (lorlatinib) synergistically inhibited viability of cells derived from the tumor from a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK and acquired ALK C1156Y and G1269A compound mutation in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
ALK rearrange ALK L1196M ALK D1203N lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Lorlatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring ALK rearrangement and acquired ALK L1196M, ALK D1203N mutations demonstrated primary resistance to Lorbrena (lorlatinib) treatment, resulted in immediate disease progression (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y ALK G1269A Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Crizotinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing ALK C1156Y and G1269A compound mutation in the context of EML4-ALK were resistant to Xalkori (crizotinib) in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
ALK rearrange ALK C1156Y lung adenocarcinoma sensitive Lorlatinib + Saracatinib Preclinical - Patient cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Saracatinib (AZD0530) and Lorbrena (lorlatinib) synergistically inhibited viability of cells derived from the tumor from a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring ALK rearrangement and an acquired ALK C1156Y in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
ALK rearrange ALK C1156Y lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Lorlatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, ALK C1156Y was identified in biopsies at disease progression after 16 months of Lorbrena (lorlatinib) treatment in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring ALK rearrangement, cells derived from patient's tumor were resistant to Lorbrena (lorlatinib) in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y ALK G1269A Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Entrectinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing ALK C1156Y and G1269A compound mutation in the context of EML4-ALK were resistant to Rozlytrek (entrectinib) in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK G1202R lung adenocarcinoma conflicting Brigatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, a lung adenocarcinoma patient harboring EML4-ALK, with acquired ALK G1202R and ALK E1154K in tumor biopsies, and ALK G1202R and ALK I1268V in ctDNA, experienced disease progression after 2.5 months of Alunbrig (brigatinib) treatment, and only increased allelic frequency of ALK G1202R was detected at disease progression (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
ALK rearrange ALK G1269A lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Crizotinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, ALK G1269A was identified in biopsies at disease progression after 30 months of Xalkori (crizotinib) treatment in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring ALK rearrangement (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y ALK G1269A lung adenocarcinoma unknown Lorlatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, Lorbrena (lorlatinib) treatment resulted in disease progression after 6.9 months of therapy in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK, ALK C1156Y and ALK G1269A were identified in biopsies at disease progression, however, cells derived from the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of the patient and transformed cells expressing the compound mutation demonstrated sensitivity to Lorbrena (lorlatinib) in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK E1154K ALK G1202R ALK I1268V lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Crizotinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, Xalkori (crizotinib) treatment resulted in a partial response lasting 9.2 months in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK, at disease progression, ALK G1202R and ALK E1154K were identified in biopsies, while ALK G1202R and ALK I1268V were identified in ctDNA (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK T1151M ALK C1156Y ALK F1174L ALK G1202R ALK S1206F ALK G1269A lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Lorlatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, Lorbrena (lorlatinib) treatment resulted in disease progression after 3.7 months therapy in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK and ALK G1202R, at disease progression, ALK F1174L in cis wth ALK G1202R was identified in biopsies, and ALK C1156Y, G1269A, S1206F, and T1151M were identified in ctDNA (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK E1154K ALK G1202R ALK I1268V lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Ceritinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, Zykadia (ceritinib) treatment resulted rapid disease progression in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK, with acquired ALK G1202R and ALK E1154K in tumor biopsies, and ALK G1202R and ALK I1268V in ctDNA (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK F1174L ALK G1202R Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Lorlatinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing ALK F1174L and ALK G1202R compound mutation in the context of EML4-ALK were resistant to Lorbrena (lorlatinib) in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y ALK G1269A Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Brigatinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Alunbrig (brigatinib) inhibited viability of transformed cells expressing ALK C1156Y and G1269A compound mutation in the context of EML4-ALK in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK L1196M ALK D1203N Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Lorlatinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing ALK L1196M and ALK D1203N compound mutation in the context of EML4-ALK were resistant to Lorbrena (lorlatinib) in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
ALK rearrange ALK L1196M ALK D1203N lung adenocarcinoma predicted - resistant Ceritinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, Zykadia (ceritinib) treatment resulted in disease progression after 5 months of therapy in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring ALK rearrangement and an acquired ALK L1196M, ALK D1203N was detected in the biopsies at disease progression (PMID: 31585938). 31585938
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y ALK G1269A Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Alectinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing ALK C1156Y and G1269A compound mutation in the context of EML4-ALK were resistant to Alecensa (alectinib) in culture (PMID: 31585938). 31585938