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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (22389471)
Authors Greger JG, Eastman SD, Zhang V, Bleam MR, Hughes AM, Smitheman KN, Dickerson SH, Laquerre SG, Liu L, Gilmer TM
Title Combinations of BRAF, MEK, and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors overcome acquired resistance to the BRAF inhibitor GSK2118436 dabrafenib, mediated by NRAS or MEK mutations.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Molecular cancer therapeutics 11 4 2012 Apr 909-20 Mol Cancer Ther
URL
Abstract Text Recent results from clinical trials with the BRAF inhibitors GSK2118436 (dabrafenib) and PLX4032 (vemurafenib) have shown encouraging response rates; however, the duration of response has been limited. To identify determinants of acquired resistance to GSK2118436 and strategies to overcome the resistance, we isolated GSK2118436 drug-resistant clones from the A375 BRAF(V600E) and the YUSIT1 BRAF(V600K) melanoma cell lines. These clones also showed reduced sensitivity to the allosteric mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor GSK1120212 (trametinib). Genetic characterization of these clones identified an in-frame deletion in MEK1 (MEK1(K59del)) or NRAS mutation (NRAS(Q61K) and/or NRAS(A146T)) with and without MEK1(P387S) in the BRAF(V600E) background and NRAS(Q61K) in the BRAF(V600K) background. Stable knockdown of NRAS with short hairpin RNA partially restored GSK2118436 sensitivity in mutant NRAS clones, whereas expression of NRAS(Q61K) or NRAS(A146T) in the A375 parental cells decreased sensitivity to GSK2118436. Similarly, expression of MEK1(K59del), but not MEK1(P387S), decreased sensitivity of A375 cells to GSK2118436. The combination of GSK2118436 and GSK1120212 effectively inhibited cell growth, decreased ERK phosphorylation, decreased cyclin D1 protein, and increased p27(kip1) protein in the resistant clones. Moreover, the combination of GSK2118436 or GSK1120212 with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor GSK2126458 enhanced cell growth inhibition and decreased S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation in these clones. Our results show that NRAS and/or MEK mutations contribute to BRAF inhibitor resistance in vitro, and the combination of GSK2118436 and GSK1120212 overcomes this resistance. In addition, these resistant clones respond to the combination of GSK2126458 with GSK2118436 or GSK1120212. Clinical trials are ongoing or planned to test these combinations.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
MAP2K1 K59del deletion unknown MAP2K1 K59del results in the deletion of an amino acid in the protein kinase domain of the Map2k1 protein at amino acid 59 (UniProt.org). K59del results in increased Mek and Erk phosphorylation in culture (PMID: 22389471), but demonstrates autophosphorylation levels similar to wild-type Map2k1 in another study (PMID: 29753091), and therefore, its effect on Map2k1 protein function is unknown.
MAP2K1 P387S missense gain of function MAP2K1 P387S does not lie within any known functional domains of the Map2k1 protein (UniProt.org). P387S confers a gain of function to the Map2k1 protein as demonstrated by constitutive phosphorylation of Mek and Erk (PMID: 22389471).
NRAS A146T missense gain of function NRAS A146T does not lie within any known functional domains of the Nras protein (UniProt.org). A146T results in increased Nras activity likely due to increased GDP/GTP exchange rate, activation of downstream signaling, and is identified as a secondary mutation conferring resistance to Braf and Mek inhibitors in culture (PMID: 22389471, PMID: 3043178). Y
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
BRAF V600K melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Omipalisib (GSK2126458) inhibited the growth of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600K in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 Q56P melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, the combination of Talfinlar (dabrafenib) and Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in improved growth inhibition in melanoma cells harboring BRAF V600E and expressing MAP2K1 Q56P in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600K NRAS Q61K melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600K and NRAS Q61K in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K NRAS A146T melanoma resistant Vemurafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K, A146T and MAP2K1 P387S were resistant to Zelboraf (vemurafenib) growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (trametinib) inhibited growth of melanoma cells harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS A146T melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition in melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600K NRAS Q61K melanoma predicted - sensitive GSK2126458 Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Omipalisib (GSK2126458) inhibited the growth of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600K with NRAS Q61K in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K NRAS A146T melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition in melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Omipalisib (GSK2126458) inhibited the growth of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600K NRAS Q61K melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition in melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600K and NRAS Q61K in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS A146T melanoma resistant Vemurafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T were resistant to Zelboraf (vemurafenib) growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 K59del melanoma resistant Vemurafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 K59del were resistant to Zelboraf (vemurafenib) growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600K NRAS Q61K melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600K and NRAS Q61K were resistant to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS A146T melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in improved growth inhibition of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS A146T melanoma decreased response GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T had reduced sensitivity to Omipalisib (GSK2126458) in comparison to parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS A146T melanoma decreased response Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S were >20-fold less sensitive to growth inhibition by Mekinist (trametinib) than parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and also had reduced sensitivity in comparison to cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 K59del melanoma decreased response GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 K59del had reduced sensitivity to Omipalisib (GSK2126458) in comparison to parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 Q56P melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E expressing MAP2K1 Q56P were resistant to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) mediated growth inhibition and retained MEK and ERK signaling in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS A146T melanoma decreased response Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T were >10-fold less sensitive to growth inhibition by Mekinist (trametinib) than parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS A146T melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T were resistant to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS A146T melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Talfinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS Q61K NRAS A146T melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Talfinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cells harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T and NRAS Q61K in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K melanoma decreased response GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K and MAP2K1 P387S had reduced sensitivity to Omipalisib (GSK2126458) in comparison to parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS A146T melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition in melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS A146T in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) inhibited growth of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 K59del melanoma resistant Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 K59del were resistant to growth inhibition by Mekinist (trametinib) in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K NRAS A146T melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S were resistant Tafinlar (dabrafenib) mediated growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS Q61K melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Talfinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in improved growth inhibition of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and NRAS Q61K in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 K59del melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 K59del were resistant to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) mediated growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E NRAS Q61K melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E expressing NRAS Q61K were resistant to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) mediated growth inhibition and retained MEK and ERK signaling (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS A146T melanoma no benefit Dabrafenib + GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Talfinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) did not improve the response to human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K NRAS A146T melanoma decreased response GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S had reduced sensitivity to Omipalisib (GSK2126458) in comparison to parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K melanoma conflicting Dabrafenib + GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, the response of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K, and MAP2K1 P387S to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) was conflicting as one cell line with this mutation profile responded to the combination and another cell line with the mutation profile did not (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K NRAS A146T melanoma resistant Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S were resistant to growth inhibition by Mekinist (trametinib) in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600K NRAS Q61K melanoma decreased response Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600K and NRAS Q61K were 3-7 fold less sensitive to growth inhibition by Mekinist (trametinib) than parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600K in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K and MAP2K1 P387S were resistant to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) mediated growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K, and MAP2K1 P387S in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS A146T melanoma decreased response GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S had reduced sensitivity to Omipalisib (GSK2126458) in comparison to parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS A146T melanoma resistant Vemurafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S were resistant to Zelboraf (vemurafenib) growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 K59del melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + GSK2126458 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 K59del in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 Q56P melanoma conflicting Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E expressing MAP2K1 Q56P displayed reduced sensitivity to Mekinist (trametinib) mediated growth inhibition and retained MEK and ERK signaling (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 K59del melanoma sensitive GSK2126458 + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) in combination with Omipalisib (GSK2126458) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 K59del in culture, compared to either agent alone (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K melanoma decreased response Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K and MAP2K1 P387S were >20-fold less sensitive to growth inhibition by Mekinist (trametinib) than parental cell lines harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600K NRAS Q61K melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (trametinib) inhibited growth of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600K and NRAS Q61K in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS Q61K melanoma resistant Vemurafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS Q61K and MAP2K1 P387S were resistant to growth inhibition by Zelboraf (vemurafenib) in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 K59del melanoma sensitive Dabrafenib + Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Talfinlar (dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in improved growth inhibition of human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E harboring MAP2K1 K59del in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 P387S NRAS A146T melanoma resistant Dabrafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF V600E, NRAS A146T and MAP2K1 P387S were resistant to Tafinlar (dabrafenib) mediated growth inhibition in culture (PMID: 22389471). 22389471