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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (21613408)
Authors Lovly CM, Heuckmann JM, de Stanchina E, Chen H, Thomas RK, Liang C, Pao W
Title Insights into ALK-driven cancers revealed through development of novel ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Cancer research 71 14 2011 Jul 15 4920-31 Cancer Res
URL
Abstract Text Aberrant forms of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple human cancers, where ALK represents a rational therapeutic target in these settings. In this study, we report the identification and biological characterization of X-376 and X-396, two potent and highly specific ALK small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In Ambit kinome screens, cell growth inhibition studies, and surrogate kinase assays, X-376 and X-396 were more potent inhibitors of ALK but less potent inhibitors of MET compared to PF-02341066 (PF-1066), an ALK/MET dual TKI currently in clinical trials. Both X-376 and X-396 displayed potent antitumor activity in vivo with favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. Similar levels of drug sensitivity were displayed by the three most common ALK fusion proteins in lung cancer (EML4-ALK variants E13;A20, E20;A20, and E6b;A20) as well as a KIF5B-ALK fusion protein. Moreover, X-396 could potently inhibit ALK kinases engineered with two point mutations associated with acquired resistance to PF-1066, L1196M, and C1156Y, when engineered into an E13;A20 fusion variant. Finally, X-396 displayed synergistic growth inhibitory activity when combined with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Our findings offer preclinical proof-of-concept for use of these novel agents to improve therapeutic outcomes of patients with mutant ALK-driven malignancies.

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Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Ensartinib Ensartinib 47 8
X-376 X-376 1 0
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Ensartinib Ensacove X-396 ALK Inhibitor 33 Ensacove (ensartinib) is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK, which inhibits downstream signaling and potentially leads to decreased growth of ALK-expressing tumors (PMID: 21613408, PMID: 31628085). Ensacove (ensartinib) is FDA-approved for use in adult patients with ALK-positive locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who have not previously received an ALK-inhibitor (FDA.gov).
X-376 ALK Inhibitor 33 X-376 is a small molecule inhibitor of Alk, which may reduce growth of ALK-driven tumor cells (PMID: 21613408).
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
ALK C1156Y missense unknown ALK C1156Y lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). C1156Y has been demonstrated to occur as a secondary drug resistance mutation in the context of ALK fusions (PMID: 21613408, PMID: 20979473, PMID: 27490033, PMID: 27045755), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2024). Y
ALK L1196M missense gain of function ALK L1196M lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). L1196M results in increased Alk kinase activity (PMID: 30258533), modest Alk autophosphorylation, and transformation in cell culture (PMID: 25517749), and confers resistance to Alk inhibitors in the context of ALK rearrangements in culture and in vivo (PMID: 21613408, PMID: 25421750, PMID: 31452835). Y
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
EML4 - ALK lung non-small cell carcinoma sensitive Ensartinib + Sirolimus Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed non-small cell lung cancer cells harboring EML4-ALK demonstrated enhanced growth inhibition to a combination treatment with Afinitor (sirolimus) and Ensacove (ensartinib) (PMID: 21613408). 21613408
EML4 - ALK ALK L1196M Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ensartinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Ensacove (ensartinib) inhibited growth and Alk phosphorylation in cells expressing the Xalkori (crizotinib) resistance mutation, EML4-ALK ALK L1196M (PMID: 21613408). 21613408
EML4 - ALK lung cancer sensitive X-376 Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, X-376 inhibited Alk signaling, resulted in growth inhibition in lung cancer cells harboring EML4-ALK fusion in culture and in cell line xenograft models (PMID: 21613408). 21613408
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Crizotinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing EML4-ALK ALK C1156Y were insensitive to Xalkori (crizotinib) as demonstrated by lack of growth inhibition and lack of kinase inhibition in culture (PMID: 21613408). 21613408
EML4 - ALK ALK C1156Y Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ensartinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Ensacove (ensartinib) inhibited growth and Alk phosphorylation in cells expressing the Xalkori (crizotinib) resistance mutation, EML4-ALK C1156Y (PMID: 21613408). 21613408