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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (25239608)
Authors Garner AP, Gozgit JM, Anjum R, Vodala S, Schrock A, Zhou T, Serrano C, Eilers G, Zhu M, Ketzer J, Wardwell S, Ning Y, Song Y, Kohlmann A, Wang F, Clackson T, Heinrich MC, Fletcher JA, Bauer S, Rivera VM
Title Ponatinib inhibits polyclonal drug-resistant KIT oncoproteins and shows therapeutic potential in heavily pretreated gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 20 22 2014 Nov 15 5745-5755 Clin Cancer Res
URL
Abstract Text KIT is the major oncogenic driver of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Imatinib, sunitinib, and regorafenib are approved therapies; however, efficacy is often limited by the acquisition of polyclonal secondary resistance mutations in KIT, with those located in the activation (A) loop (exons 17/18) being particularly problematic. Here, we explore the KIT-inhibitory activity of ponatinib in preclinical models and describe initial characterization of its activity in patients with GIST.The cellular and in vivo activities of ponatinib, imatinib, sunitinib, and regorafenib against mutant KIT were evaluated using an accelerated mutagenesis assay and a panel of engineered and GIST-derived cell lines. The ponatinib-KIT costructure was also determined. The clinical activity of ponatinib was examined in three patients with GIST previously treated with all three FDA-approved agents.In engineered and GIST-derived cell lines, ponatinib potently inhibited KIT exon 11 primary mutants and a range of secondary mutants, including those within the A-loop. Ponatinib also induced regression in engineered and GIST-derived tumor models containing these secondary mutations. In a mutagenesis screen, 40 nmol/L ponatinib was sufficient to suppress outgrowth of all secondary mutants except V654A, which was suppressed at 80 nmol/L. This inhibitory profile could be rationalized on the basis of structural analyses. Ponatinib (30 mg daily) displayed encouraging clinical activity in two of three patients with GIST.Ponatinib possesses potent activity against most major clinically relevant KIT mutants and has demonstrated preliminary evidence of activity in patients with refractory GIST. These data strongly support further evaluation of ponatinib in patients with GIST.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
KIT D816H missense gain of function KIT D816H lies within the tyrosine kinase domain region 2 (exon 17) of the Kit protein (PMID: 19164557). D816H results in increased kinase activity, constitutive Kit phosphorylation, activation of Stat3 signaling, and transformation of cultured cells (PMID: 10362788, PMID: 11494148), and confers resistance to some Kit inhibitors (PMID: 25239608). Y
KIT K558delinsNP indel unknown KIT K558delinsNP results in a deletion of lysine (K) at amino acid 558 within the juxtamembrane domain (exon 11) of the Kit protein, combined with the insertion of an asparagine (N) and a proline (P) at the same location (PMID: 16226710). K558delinsNP has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 11526490, PMID: 25239608, PMID: 20651400), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Kit protein function is unknown (PubMed, Nov 2024).
KIT W557_K558del deletion gain of function KIT W557_K558del results in the deletion of 2 amino acids in the juxtamembrane domain (exon 11) of the Kit protein from amino acids 557 to 558 (PMID: 12918066). W557_K558del results in constitutive activation of Kit and increased Erk phosphorylation, and leads to increased invasiveness and expression of ETV1 in cell culture (PMID: 25239608, PMID: 26936919).
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
KIT V560_L576del gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Imatinib Preclinical - Pdx & cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line harboring KIT V560_L576del demonstrated sensitivity to Gleevec (imatinib) in both culture and PDX models, resulting in phosphorylation inhibition of Akt, Kit, and Erk (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT V654A Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT V654A demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in both culture and cell line xenograft models, resulting in reduced cell viability, decreased tumor volume, and tumor regression (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT A829P Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT A829P were resistant to Gleevec (imatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT K642E gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line harboring KIT K642E demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816G Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816G were resistant to Sutent (sunitinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT exon9 Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing a KIT exon 9 mutation demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT D816H Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, KIT D816H demonstrated resistance to Stivarga (regorafenib) in an in vitro assay, and conferred secondary resistance to Stivarga (regorafenib) in transformed cells expressing other KIT mutations (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560D Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT V560D demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT D820E Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, cells expressing KIT D820E demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT N822K Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT N822K were sensitive to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT A829P Advanced Solid Tumor conflicting Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT A829P were resistant to Stivarga (regorafenib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT exon9 Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Gleevec (imatinib) had no effect on transformed cells expressing a KIT exon 9 mutation in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT K558delinsNP Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT K558delinsNP demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT W557_K558del demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in both culture and cell line xenograft models, resulting in reduced cell viability and near complete tumor regression (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_E554del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_E554del demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT W557_K558del demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT N822K Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT N822K were resistant to Gleevec (imatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820A Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820A were resistant to Gleevec (imatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820G Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820G were resistant to Sutent (sunitinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_Y578del gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line harboring KIT V560_Y578del demonstrated sensitivity to Gleevec (imatinib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_Y578del KIT T670I gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient-derived gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cell line co-harboring KIT V560_Y578del and KIT T670I demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT W557_K558del demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Stivarga (regorafineb) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT Y823D gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical - Pdx & cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line co-harboring KIT W557_K558del and KIT Y823D demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in a PDX model, resulting in complete tumor regression (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_L576del KIT V654A gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line co-harboring KIT V560_L576del and KIT V654A demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT T670I Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT T670I demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in both culture and cell line xenograft models, resulting in reduced cell viability, decreased tumor volume, and tumor regression (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT A829P Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, cells expressing KIT A829P demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT A829P Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT A829P were sensitive to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_K558del (reported as K550_W557del) demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_E554del Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_E554del were resistant to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT N822K Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT N822K were resistant to Sutent (sunitinb) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820A Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820A were sensitive to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_Y578del gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical - Patient cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient-derived gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cell line harboring KIT V560_Y578del demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_W557delinsL gastrointestinal stromal tumor predicted - sensitive Ponatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a GIST patient harboring KIT P551_W557delinsL, resistant to Gleevec (imatinib), Sutent (sunitinib), and Stivarga (regorafenib), demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) treatment, which resulted in tumor regression and stable disease (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820G Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820G were sensitive to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816H Advanced Solid Tumor decreased response Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816H demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with Stivarga (regorafenib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816H Advanced Solid Tumor decreased response Imatinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816H demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in both culture and xenograft models, resulting in only a slight decrease in tumor volume (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_Y578del KIT T670I gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line co-harboring KIT V560_Y578del and KIT T670I demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT V654A Advanced Solid Tumor no benefit Imatinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT V654A demonstrated no response to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in both culture and xenograft models (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_Y578del KIT D816E gastrointestinal stromal tumor decreased response Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line co-harboring KIT V560_Y578del and KIT D816E demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820G Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820G were resistant to Stivarga (regorafenib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT K558delinsNP Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT K558delinsNP demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT W557_K558del demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_K558del (reported as K550_W557del) demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V559D Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, cells expressing KIT V559D demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816H Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816H demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in both culture and cell line xenograft models, resulting in reduced cell viability and tumor regression (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_K558del (reported as K550_W557del) demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816G Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816G were resistant to Gleevec (imatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_E554del Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_E554del were resistant to treatment with Stivarga (regorafenib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816H Advanced Solid Tumor decreased response Sunitinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816H demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in both culture and cell line xenograft models, resulting in only a slight decrease in tumor volume (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820G Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820G were resistant to Gleevec (imatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT N822K Advanced Solid Tumor conflicting Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT N822K were resistant to Stivarga (regorafenib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT T670I Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT T670I demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in both culture and cell line xenograft models, resulting in reduced cell viability and decreased tumor volume (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820A Advanced Solid Tumor conflicting Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820A were resistant to Stivarga (regorafenib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D820A Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D820A were resistant to Sutent (sunitinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560D Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT V560D demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT D816H Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, cells expressing KIT D816H demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560D Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT V560D demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Stivarga (regorafineb) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816G Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816G were resistant to Stivarga (regorafenib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT K558delinsNP Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT K558delinsNP demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT T670I Advanced Solid Tumor no benefit Imatinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT T670I demonstrated no response to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in both culture and xenograft models (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT T670I Advanced Solid Tumor decreased response Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT T670I demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with Stivarga (regorafenib) compared to cells expressing KIT W557_K558del alone in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT D816G Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT D816G were sensitive to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT T670I Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, cells expressing KIT T670I demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_Y578del KIT A829P gastrointestinal stromal tumor decreased response Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line co-harboring KIT V560_Y578del and KIT A829P demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT V654A Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT V654A demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in both culture and cell line xenograft models, resulting in reduced cell viability and decreased tumor volume (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557C KIT K558_V560del gastrointestinal stromal tumor predicted - sensitive Ponatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a GIST patient harboring KIT K558_V560del and KIT W557C, resistant to Gleevec (imatinib), Sutent (sunitinib), and Stivarga (regorafenib), demonstrated sensitivity when treated with Iclusig (ponatinib), which resulted in a radiologic response and stabilization for six months (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT A829P Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Sunitinib Preclinical - Biochemical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT A829P were resistant to Sutent (sunitinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560D Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Sunitinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT V560D demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Sutent (sunitinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT W557_K558del KIT V654A Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT W557_K558del and KIT V654A demonstrated resistance to treatment with Stivarga (regorafenib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_E554del Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Imatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_E554del were resistant to treatment with Gleevec (imatinib) in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT exon9 Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Stivarga (regorafineb) had no effect on transformed cells expressing a KIT exon 9 mutation in culture (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V654A Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, cells expressing KIT V654A demonstrated some sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT P551_K558del Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT P551_K558del (reported as K550_W557del) demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Stivarga (regorafenib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560G Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, cells expressing KIT V560G demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in an in vitro kinase assay (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT V560_L576del gastrointestinal stromal tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical - Pdx & cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, a patient derived GIST cell line harboring KIT V560_L576del demonstrated sensitivity to Iclusig (ponatinib) in both culture and PDX models, resulting in phosphorylation inhibition of Akt, Kit, and Erk (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT K558delinsNP Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Regorafenib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT K558delinsNP demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Stivarga (regorafenib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT M552_K558del gastrointestinal stromal tumor predicted - resistant Ponatinib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical study, a GIST patient harboring KIT M552_K558del, resistant to multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors, demonstrated resistance to Iclusig (ponatinib) treatment as indicated by disease progression after 4 weeks of treatment (PMID: 25239608). 25239608
KIT exon9 Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Ponatinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing a KIT exon 9 mutation demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Iclusig (ponatinib) in culture, resulting in reduced cell viability (PMID: 25239608). 25239608