Reference Detail

Ref Type

Journal Article

PMID

(30867592)

Authors

Diamond EL, Durham BH, Ulaner GA, Drill E, Buthorn J, Ki M, Bitner L, Cho H, Young RJ, Francis JH, Rampal R, Lacouture M, Brody LA, Ozkaya N, Dogan A, Rosen N, Iasonos A, Abdel-Wahab O, Hyman DM

Title

Efficacy of MEK inhibition in patients with histiocytic neoplasms.

Journal	Vol	Issue	Date	Pages	Journal Short Title
Nature			2019 Mar 13	521-524	Nature

URL

Abstract Text

Histiocytic neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematopoietic disorders that are marked by diverse mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway1,2. For the 50% of patients with histiocytosis who have BRAFV600 mutations3-5, RAF inhibition is highly efficacious and has markedly altered the natural history of the disease6,7. However, no standard therapy exists for the remaining 50% of patients who lack BRAFV600 mutations. Although ERK dependence has been hypothesized to be a consistent feature across histiocytic neoplasms, this remains clinically unproven and many of the kinase mutations that are found in patients who lack BRAFV600 mutations have not previously been biologically characterized. Here we show ERK dependency in histiocytoses through a proof-of-concept clinical trial of cobimetinib, an oral inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2, in patients with histiocytoses. Patients were enrolled regardless of their tumour genotype. In parallel, MAPK alterations that were identified in treated patients were characterized for their ability to activate ERK. In the 18 patients that we treated, the overall response rate was 89% (90% confidence interval of 73-100). Responses were durable, with no acquired resistance to date. At one year, 100% of responses were ongoing and 94% of patients remained progression-free. Cobimetinib treatment was efficacious regardless of genotype, and responses were observed in patients with ARAF, BRAF, RAF1, NRAS, KRAS, MEK1 (also known as MAP2K1) and MEK2 (also known as MAP2K2) mutations. Consistent with the observed responses, the characterization of the mutations that we identified in these patients confirmed that the MAPK-pathway mutations were activating. Collectively, these data demonstrate that histiocytic neoplasms are characterized by a notable dependence on MAPK signalling-and that they are consequently responsive to MEK inhibition. These results extend the benefits of molecularly targeted therapy to the entire spectrum of patients with histiocytosis.

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Molecular Profile	Treatment Approach

Gene Name	Source	Synonyms	Protein Domains	Gene Description	Gene Role

Therapy Name	Drugs	Efficacy Evidence	Clinical Trials

Drug Name	Trade Name	Synonyms	Drug Classes	Drug Description

Gene	Variant	Impact	Protein Effect	Variant Description	Associated with drug Resistance
BRAF	N486_T491delinsK	indel	gain of function	BRAF N486_T491delinsK results in a deletion of six amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Braf protein from amino acids 486 to 491, combined with the insertion of a lysine (K) at the same site (UniProt.org). N486_A491delinsK confers a gain of function to Braf, as indicated by increased ERK activation and transformation of cultured cells (PMID: 30867592).
MAP2K1	P105_I107del	deletion	unknown	MAP2K1 P105_I107del results in the deletion of three amino acids in the protein kinase domain of the Map2k1 protein from amino acids 105 to 107 (UniProt.org). P105_I107del has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 30867592), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Map2k1 protein function is unknown (PubMed, Nov 2024).

Molecular Profile	Indication/Tumor Type	Response Type	Therapy Name	Approval Status	Evidence Type	Efficacy Evidence	References
BRAF N486_T491delinsK	Advanced Solid Tumor	predicted - sensitive	Cobimetinib	Preclinical - Cell culture	Actionable	In a preclinical study, Cotellic (cobimetinib) inhibited viability of transformed cells expressing BRAF N486_T491delinsK in culture (PMID: 30867592).	30867592
MAP2K1 P124L	lymphatic system cancer	predicted - sensitive	Cobimetinib	Case Reports/Case Series	Actionable	In a Phase II trial, treatment with Cotellic (cobimetinib) in patients with histiocytic neoplasms resulted in a PET overall response rate of 89% (16/18), with complete response in 72% (13/18) and partial response in 17% (3/18), and resulted in stable disease in 6% (1/18) of patients, including a complete response in a patient with mixed histiocytosis harboring MAP2K1 P124L (PMID: 30867592; NCT01953926).	30867592
BRAF V600E	lymphatic system cancer	predicted - sensitive	Cobimetinib	Case Reports/Case Series	Actionable	In a Phase II trial, treatment with Cotellic (cobimetinib) in patients with histiocytic neoplasms resulted in a PET overall response rate of 89% (16/18), with complete response in 72% (13/18) and partial response in 17% (3/18), and resulted in stable disease in 6% (1/18) of patients, including 1 partial response and 3 complete responses in 4 patients with Erdheim-Chester disease harboring BRAF V600E (PMID: 30867592; NCT01953926).	30867592
MAP2K1 Q56P	Erdheim-Chester disease	predicted - sensitive	Cobimetinib	Case Reports/Case Series	Actionable	In a Phase II trial, treatment with Cotellic (cobimetinib) in patients with histiocytic neoplasms resulted in a PET overall response rate of 89% (16/18), with complete response in 72% (13/18) and partial response in 17% (3/18), and stable disease in 6% (1/18) of patients, including a complete response in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease harboring MAP2K1 Q56P (PMID: 30867592; NCT01953926).	30867592
BRAF N486_T491delinsK	lymphatic system cancer	predicted - sensitive	Cobimetinib	Case Reports/Case Series	Actionable	In a Phase II trial, treatment with Cotellic (cobimetinib) in patients with histiocytic neoplasms resulted in a PET overall response rate of 89% (16/18), with complete response in 72% (13/18) and partial response in 17% (3/18), and resulted in stable disease in 6% (1/18) of patients, including a complete response in a patient with Langerhans cell histiocytosis harboring BRAF N486_T491delinsK (PMID: 30867592; NCT01953926).	30867592
MAP2K1 P124Q	lymphatic system cancer	predicted - sensitive	Cobimetinib	Case Reports/Case Series	Actionable	In a Phase II trial, treatment with Cotellic (cobimetinib) in patients with histiocytic neoplasms resulted in a PET overall response rate of 89% (16/18), with complete response in 72% (13/18) and partial response in 17% (3/18), and resulted in stable disease in 6% (1/18) of patients, including a complete response in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease harboring MAP2K1 P124Q (PMID: 30867592; NCT01953926).	30867592
MAP2K1 P105_I107del	lymphatic system cancer	predicted - sensitive	Cobimetinib	Case Reports/Case Series	Actionable	In a Phase II trial, treatment with Cotellic (cobimetinib) in patients with histiocytic neoplasms resulted in a PET overall response rate of 89% (16/18), with complete response in 72% (13/18) and partial response in 17% (3/18), and resulted in stable disease in 6% (1/18) of patients, including a complete response in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease harboring MAP2K1 P105_I107del (PMID: 30867592; NCT01953926).	30867592