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| Profile Name | BRAF V681I |
| Gene Variant Detail | |
| Relevant Treatment Approaches |
| Molecular Profile | Indication/Tumor Type | Response Type | Therapy Name | Approval Status | Evidence Type | Efficacy Evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | sensitive | Dabrafenib | Phase I | Actionable | In a Phase I clinical trial, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) demonstrated safety and efficacy in patients with BRAF V600E positive solid tumors (PMID: 22608338). | 22608338 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Selumetinib | Case Reports/Case Series | Actionable | In a Phase II trial, 5 out of 6 patients with advanced melanoma exhibiting a response to Koselugo (selumetinib) had BRAF-mutant tumors (PMID: 22048237). | 22048237 |
| BRAF mutant | thyroid cancer | predicted - sensitive | Selumetinib | Phase I | Actionable | In a Phase I study, Koselugo (selumetinib) demonstrated an increase in iodine uptake and retention in a subgroup of patients with thyroid cancer that was refractory to radioiodine, including patients with BRAF and NRAS mutations (PMID: 23406027). | 23406027 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | sensitive | Tovorafenib | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Ojemda (tovorafenib) demonstrated efficacy in BRAF mutant xenograft models of melanoma and colorectal cancer (J Clin Oncol 31, 2013 (suppl; abstr e13529)). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Tovorafenib | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Ojemda (tovorafenib) demonstrated efficacy in BRAF mutant xenograft models of melanoma and colorectal cancer (J Clin Oncol 31, 2013 (suppl; abstr e13529)). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | sensitive | Obatoclax | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, obatoclax decreased proliferation in human tumor cell lines with BRAF mutation in culture (PMID: 22460902). | 22460902 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | PLX8394 | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, PLX8394 blocked survival and growth of vemurafenib/PLX4720-resistant melanoma cells harboring BRAF V600E splice variants in culture (PMID: 24422853). | 24422853 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Tubastatin A | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Tubastatin A inhibited proliferation of BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines in culture (PMID: 25957812). | 25957812 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | E6201 | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, E6201 inhibited proliferation of several melanoma cell lines in culture and hypersensitivity was associated with BRAF mutations (PMID: 23039341). | 23039341 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | E6201 + LY294002 | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, E6201 and LY294002 synergistically inhibited proliferation of melanoma cell lines harboring BRAF mutations in culture, regardless of PTEN mutation status (PMID: 23039341). | 23039341 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Vemurafenib + Voruciclib | Phase I | Actionable | In a Phase I trial, Voruciclib (P1446A-05) and Zelboraf (vemurafenib) combination therapy demonstrated safety and preliminary efficacy, resulted in complete response in 33% (1/3) and partial response in 67% (2/3) of BRAFi-naïve melanoma patients harboring BRAF mutations (J Clin Oncol 33, 2015 (suppl; abstr 9076)). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | decreased response | XL147 | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, tumor cell lines harboring BRAF mutations demonstrated limited sensitivity to XL147 treatment in culture (PMID: 25637314). | 25637314 |
| BRAF mutant | multiple myeloma | sensitive | Trametinib | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) inhibited growth of human multiple myeloma cells harboring mutant BRAF in culture (PMID: 26343583). | 26343583 |
| BRAF mutant | lung adenocarcinoma | sensitive | Trametinib | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) inhibited growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells harboring mutant BRAF in culture (PMID: 26343583). | 26343583 |
| BRAF mutant | pancreatic adenocarcinoma | sensitive | Trametinib | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) inhibited growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells harboring mutant BRAF in culture (PMID: 26343583). | 26343583 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | resistant | Trametinib | Preclinical | Actionable | In a preclinical study, a majority of human colorectal cancer cell lines (4/7) harboring mutant BRAF were insensitive to Mekinist (trametinib) in culture (PMID: 26343583). | 26343583 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | predicted - sensitive | BI-847325 | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, treatment with BI-847325 resulted in decreased expression of Mcl-1 and Mek, and inhibited growth of BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines in culture, and inhibited tumor growth melanoma cell line xenograft models harboring BRAF mutations, including models with BRAF inhibitor resistance (PMID: 25873592). | 25873592 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Palbociclib + Trametinib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, a melanoma cell line harboring a BRAF mutation demonstrated greater sensitivity to the combination treatment of Mekinist (trametinib) and Ibrance (palbociclib) in culture when compared to either agent alone (PMID: 27488531). | 27488531 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | decreased response | PLX4720 | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cell lines demonstrated reduced sensitivity to PLX4720 in culture (PMID: 26351322). | 26351322 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | sensitive | AZ628 + Selumetinib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Koselugo (selumetinib) and AZ628 synergistically inhibited Mapk signaling and cell proliferation in BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cell lines in culture (PMID: 26351322). | 26351322 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | S63845 + Trametinib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, combination of S63845 and Mekinist (trametinib) resulted in potent cytotoxic effects in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells in culture compared to the cytostatic effect of Mekinist (trametinib) alone (PMID: 27760111). | 27760111 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | S63845 + Vemurafenib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, combination of S63845 and Zelboraf (vemurafenib) resulted in potent cytotoxic effects in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells in culture compared to the cytostatic effect of Zelboraf (vemurafenib) alone (PMID: 27760111). | 27760111 |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | predicted - sensitive | Tovorafenib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Ojemda (tovorafenib) inhibited downstream signaling and proliferation of several BRAF mutant solid tumor cell lines in culture (EJC Supp, Nov 2010, Vol 8(7), p40-41). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | lung non-small cell carcinoma | predicted - sensitive | Dabrafenib + Trametinib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, treatment with the combination of Mekinist (trametinib) and Tafinlar (dabrafenib) resulted in decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis and enhanced ERK inhibition compared to either agent alone in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines harboring non-BRAF V600 mutations in culture (PMID: 28947956). | 28947956 |
| BRAF mutant | colon cancer | predicted - sensitive | Selumetinib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Selumetinib (AZD6244) resulted in some reduced cell growth in colon cancer cells harboring a BRAF mutation in culture (PMID: 27655129). | 27655129 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Binimetinib + Buparlisib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, the combination of Binimetinib (MEK162) and Buparlisib (BKM120) resulted in improved cell growth inhibition compared to either agent alone in a metastatic melanoma cell line harboring a BRAF mutation in culture (PMID: 27307593). | 27307593 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Buparlisib + Encorafenib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, the combination of Buparlisib (BKM120) and Encorafenib (LGX818) resulted in improved cell growth inhibition compared to either agent alone in a metastatic melanoma cell line harboring a BRAF mutation in culture (PMID: 27307593). | 27307593 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Buparlisib | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Buparlisib (BKM120) treatment in human melanoma cell line xenograft models with brain metastases and harboring a BRAF mutation resulted in inhibition of brain tumor growth (PMID: 27307593). | 27307593 |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | predicted - sensitive | PF-00477736 + PF3644022 | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Chk1 inhibitor PF-477736 and MK2 inhibitor PF3644022 synergistically inhibited growth of various cancer cell lines harboring BRAF mutations in culture and in cell line xenograft models (PMID: 26140595). | 26140595 |
| BRAF mutant | colon cancer | predicted - sensitive | PF-00477736 + PF3644022 | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Chk1 inhibitor PF-477736 and MK2 inhibitor PF3644022 synergistically inhibited tumor growth in cell line xenograft models of BRAF mutant colon cancer (PMID: 26140595). | 26140595 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | predicted - sensitive | Binimetinib | Phase I | Actionable | In a Phase I trial, Binimetinib (MEK162) treatment resulted in an estimated progression free survival of 1.4 months and overall survival of 7.1 months in colorectal cancer patients harboring BRAF mutations (PMID: 28152546). | 28152546 |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | predicted - sensitive | KO-947 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, KO-947 resulted in tumor regression in patient derived xenograft (PDX) models harboring either a BRAF mutation, NRAS mutation, or KRAS mutation (EJC Dec 2016, 69:1; S126). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | no benefit | CC-90003 | Phase I | Actionable | In a Phase Ia trial, CC-90003 treatment did not result in any objective responses and demonstrated toxicity in advanced solid tumor patients harboring KRAS, NRAS, or BRAF mutations (AJ Clin Oncol 35, 2017 (suppl; abstr 2577)). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | PET-16 + Vemurafenib | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, PET-16 and Zelboraf (vemurafenib) synergistically inhibited growth of melanoma cell lines in culture, resulted in enhanced tumor growth inhibition in cell ine xenograft models (PMID: 26984758). | 26984758 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | predicted - sensitive | KO-947 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, KO-947 inhibited Erk signaling and induced tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models of BRAF-mutant melanoma (Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5168). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | lung non-small cell carcinoma | predicted - sensitive | KO-947 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, KO-947 inhibited Erk signaling and induced tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models of BRAF-mutant non-small cell lung cancer harboring (Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5168). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | pancreatic cancer | predicted - sensitive | KO-947 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, KO-947 inhibited Erk signaling and induced tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models of BRAF-mutant pancreatic cancer (Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5168). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | predicted - sensitive | KO-947 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, KO-947 inhibited Erk signaling and induced tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models of BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5168). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | stomach carcinoma | predicted - sensitive | KO-947 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, KO-947 inhibited Erk signaling and induced tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models of BRAF-mutant gastric carcinoma (Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5168). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | cervix carcinoma | predicted - sensitive | KO-947 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, KO-947 inhibited Erk signaling and induced tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models of BRAF-mutant cervical carcinoma (Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5168). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | predicted - sensitive | Dabrafenib + Panitumumab + Trametinib | Phase Ib/II | Actionable | In a Phase I/II trial, treatment with the triple combination of Tafinlar (dabrafenib), Mekinist (trametinib), and Vectibix (panitumumab) resulted in an objective response rate (ORR) of 21% and median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 4.2 mo, compared with 0% ORR and mPFS of 2.6 mo with Mekinist (trametinib) plus Vectibix (panitumumab), and 10% ORR and mPFS of 3.5 mo with Tafinlar (dabrafenib) plus Vectibix (panitumumab) in patients with BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (PMID: 27770002; NCT01750918). | 27770002 |
| BRAF mutant | lung non-small cell carcinoma | predicted - sensitive | unspecified PD-1 antibody | Clinical Study - Cohort | Actionable | In a clinical study, mutant BRAF correlated with prolonged duration on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy compared to wild-type BRAF in non-small cell lung cancer patients (Ann Oncol 2017, Vol 28, Suppl 5, Abstract #1138PD). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Encorafenib | Phase I | Actionable | In a Phase I trial, Encorafenib (LGX818) treatment resulted in an overall response rate (ORR) of 60% (15/25) and a median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 12.4 months in BRAF inhibitor-naïve melanoma patients harboring BRAF mutations, and an ORR of 22% (6/29) and mPFS of 1.9 months in BRAF inhibitor-pretreated patients (PMID: 28611198; NCT01436656). | 28611198 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | predicted - sensitive | LSN3074753 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, LSN3074753 resulted in a disease control rate of 8.3% (1/12) in BRAF mutant patient-derived xenograft models of colorectal cancer (PMID: 28611205). | 28611205 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | sensitive | Cetuximab + LSN3074753 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, LSN3074753 and Erbitux (cetuximab) synergistically inhibited tumor growth in patient-derived xenograft models of colorectal cancer harboring BRAF mutations, resulted in a disease control rate of 41.7% (5/12) (PMID: 28611205). | 28611205 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | predicted - sensitive | ST-162 | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, ST-162 treatment resulted in tumor regression in BRAF mutant-melanoma cell line xenograft models (PMID: 28775144). | 28775144 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | predicted - sensitive | Ulixertinib | Case Reports/Case Series | Actionable | In a Phase I trial, treatment with Ulixertinib (BVD-523) resulted in a best response of stable disease in six melanoma patients and a partial response in three melanoma patients all harboring a BRAF mutation (PMID: 29247021; NCT01781429). | 29247021 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | predicted - resistant | SYM004 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of colorectal cancer harboring KRAS, NRAS or BRAF mutations demonstrated poor response to SYM004 treatment compared to wild-type models (PMID: 29423521). | 29423521 |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | sensitive | RAF709 | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, cancer cell lines harboring BRAF mutations demonstrated increased sensitivity to RAF709 compared to BRAF wild-type cells in culture (PMID: 29343524). | 29343524 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | sensitive | Belvarafenib | Preclinical - Cell line xenograft | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Belvarafenib (HM95573) inhibited growth of BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cell lines in culture and in cell line xenograft models (Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2607). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | thyroid cancer | sensitive | Belvarafenib | Preclinical - Cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, Belvarafenib (HM95573) inhibited growth of BRAF mutant thyroid cancer cells in culture (Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2607). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | no benefit | Regorafenib | Phase II | Actionable | In a Phase II clinical trial (PREVIUM), Stivarga (regorafenib) treatment resulted in 0% (0/15) 6-month progression free survival (PFS), a 2.2-month median PFS, and a median overall survival of 3.3 months in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with KRAS (n=9), NRAS (n=3) or BRAF (n=2) mutations who failed first line therapy; however, the trial was terminated early due to poor accrual (PMID: 30120161; NCT02175654). | 30120161 |
| BRAF mutant | lung non-small cell carcinoma | predicted - sensitive | unspecified PD-L1 antibody | Clinical Study - Cohort | Actionable | In a clinical study, mutant BRAF correlated with prolonged duration on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy compared to wild-type BRAF in non-small cell lung cancer patients (Ann Oncol 2017, Vol 28, Suppl 5, Abstract #1138PD). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | predicted - sensitive | Belvarafenib | Phase I | Actionable | In Phase I trials, Belvarafenib (HM95573) treatment resulted in partial response in a patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma in a dose escalation study, and partial response in 33% (2/6) of BRAF-mutant melanoma patients in a dose expansion study (J Clin Oncol 37, 2019 (suppl; abstr 3000); NCT02405065, NCT03118817). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | predicted - sensitive | LXH 254 | Case Reports/Case Series | Actionable | In a Phase I trial, LXH 254 treatment resulted in partial response in 2.6% (2/75) and stable disease in 33% (25/75) of patients with advanced solid tumors harboring MAPK pathway alterations, one of the patient achieved partial response harbored a BRAF mutation (J Clin Oncol 36, no. 15_suppl (May 20 2018) 2586-2586; NCT02607813). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | splenic marginal zone lymphoma | not applicable | N/A | Guideline | Diagnostic | BRAF mutations aid in the diagnosis of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (NCCN.org). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | no benefit | LY3009120 | Case Reports/Case Series | Actionable | In a Phase I trial, LY3009120 did not achieve expected pharmacodynamic effects, resulted in stable disease as best overall response in 5 of 12 patients with advanced or metastatic cancer harboring BRAF mutations (PMID: 31645440; NCT02014116). | 31645440 |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | predicted - sensitive | UNC2025 + Vemurafenib | Preclinical - Pdx & cell culture | Actionable | In a preclinical study, the combination therapy of UNC2025 and Zelboraf (vemurafenib) resulted in greater inhibition of colony formation and apoptotic induction in melanoma cells harboring a BRAF mutation in culture and led to a higher degree of tumor growth inhibition in a patient derived xenograft (PDX) model of melanoma with a BRAF mutation when compared to either therapy alone (PMID: 30482852). | 30482852 |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | no benefit | Trametinib | Phase II | Actionable | In a Phase II trial (NCI-MATCH), Mekinist (trametinib) treatment did not demonstrate clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma harboring BRAF fusion (n=1) or non-V600 mutations (n=31), resulted in a partial response in 3% (1/32) and stable disease in 31% (10/32) of the patients, with a median progression-free survival of 1.8 months, and a median overall survival of 5.7 months (PMID: 31924734; NCT02465060). | 31924734 |
| BRAF mutant | lymphoma | no benefit | Trametinib | Phase II | Actionable | In a Phase II trial (NCI-MATCH), Mekinist (trametinib) treatment did not demonstrate clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma harboring BRAF fusion (n=1) or non-V600 mutations (n=31), resulted in a partial response in 3% (1/32) and stable disease in 31% (10/32) of the patients, with a median progression-free survival of 1.8 months, and a median overall survival of 5.7 months (PMID: 31924734; NCT02465060). | 31924734 |
| BRAF mutant | colorectal cancer | predicted - sensitive | SY-5609 | Preclinical - Pdx | Actionable | In a preclinical study, SY-5609 treatment resulted in 90% or more tumor growth inhibition or tumor regression in 50% (5/10) of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of colorectal cancer harboring BRAF mutations (J Clin Oncol 38: 2020 (suppl; abstr 3585)). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | lung non-small cell carcinoma | unknown | unspecified immune checkpoint inhibitor | Clinical Study | Actionable | In a retrospective clinical study, no significant difference in overall survival (19.0 vs 18.4 months) was found in patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring BRAF V600E (n=14), amplification (n=5), or non-V600E mutations (n=12) who received immunotherapy compared to those who never received immunotherapy (PMID: 31367539). | 31367539 |
| BRAF mutant | lung non-small cell carcinoma | unknown | unspecified immune checkpoint inhibitor | Clinical Study - Cohort | Actionable | In a retrospective clinical study, patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring rare targetable drivers (RTD) (BRAF, ERBB2/3, RET, MET, ROS1, NTRK) who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) achieved longer median overall survival (mOS) (32 vs 13 mo, p=0.01) compared to those who did not receive ICI, mOS was not reached in patients harboring BRAF non-V600E (n=5) mutations, although RTD type was not associated with OS in a univariate analysis (PMID: 30268448). | 30268448 |
| BRAF mutant | Advanced Solid Tumor | predicted - sensitive | Binimetinib + Encorafenib | Phase II | Actionable | In a Phase II trial (BEAVER), Mektovi (binimetinib) and Braftovi (encorafenib) combination therapy demonstrated safety and preliminary efficacy in advanced solid tumor patients harboring BRAF non-V600E mutations including class 1 (n=1), class 2 (n=4), and class 3 (n=5), with an objective response rate of 22% (2/9) and a partial response in a patient with ampullary cancer harboring BRAF D594G and an unconfirmed PR in a melanoma patient harboring BRAF G469S (Annals of Oncology 32 (2021): S596; NCT03839342). | detail... |
| BRAF mutant | melanoma | sensitive | Tovorafenib | Phase I | Actionable | In a Phase I trial, Ojemda (tovorafenib) treatment resulted in stable disease in 23% (5/22) of patients with advanced solid tumors in the dose escalation phase, an objective response rate of 15% (10/68) in the dose expansion phase with responses in 50% (8/16) of patients with RAF and MEK inhibitor-naive BRAF-mutant melanoma, an overall median duration of response of 6.0 months, and a median progression-free survival of 1.9 months (PMID: 37219686; NCT01425008). | 37219686 |